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Even today, many passengers, including the most frequent flyers, associate air travel with a feeling of fear and concern. Basing itself on the premise that people are often afraid of the unknown, author Jorge Ontiveros, a professional of Aena and the author of several publications on this sector, explains all the elements involved in air travel in his new work. It explains airports, their staff, security processes, ground workers and airline employees - a combination of professionals and technology that has made this means of transport by far the safest of all. Safety that is the main objective of all those who take part in this activity, and which Jorge Ontiveros, with descriptive and didactic language, tries to transmit, so that your next trip is much more pleasurable and pleasant. Publication index: I. Discover air travel From the age of pioneers till today Commercial aviation in Spain If this is your first time II. Flying, trick or magic? Why does an aeroplane fly? How does an aeroplane fly? III. The aeroplane: design, manufacture and maintenance Manufacturing reliable planes From manufacture to line flying We take care of your plane; we take care of you IV. Air routes and air traffic control Where do aeroplanes fly? Air traffic control V. At the airport The airport The best protection is invisible Come on, hurry up! A bird in the hand is worth... VI. On the plane Ladies and gentlemen, welcome on board! Ladies and gentleman, this is your captain speaking Entering the runway for take-off In case of an emergency landing VII. Meteorology It ́s raining, it ́s pouring. The old man is snoring... ... He bumped his head and went to bed... ... And couldn ́t get up in the morning! Thunder and lightning! Fasten your seatbelt; we are encountering ana rea of turbulence... VIII. Travelling by plane or by car, which is safer? Risk and safety; travelling by plane or by car? Car safety ldquo;I am scared of planes, I am scared of boats too..." IX. Flying healthily Breathing at 10.000 metres I can ́t feel my legs! Jet lag, what is and how to alleviate it I am expecting, can I fly? When I fly I get earache X. Clarifying doubts I have a Young child; will travelling by plane be complicated? Would it be complicated to fly with reduced mobility? Everything you always wanted to know And just before we finish...some advice relating to
This book presents a critical comparison of the two leading theories of linguistic change. After introducing the aims and methods of historical linguistics, Olga Fischer provides an exposition of the main theories used to describe morphosyntactic change and a full account of the causes and mechanisms by which their leading exponents seek to explain it. She measures the effectiveness of rival theories and methods in different contexts and in the process throws fresh light on the balance of factors influencing linguistic change. Professor Fischer emphazises the unity of form and meaning in the linguistic sign and examines the role played by analogy. She looks at how changes in discourse, lexicon, semantics, pragmatics, and sound interact with changes in morphosyntax, and explores the relationship between external and internal causes of change. She considers whether morphosyntactic change is gradual or abrupt and discusses how far rates of change reflect the degree to which grammar is innate or learned. She uses detailed case studies to illustrate different types of morphosyntactic change, and to show how each theory fares when put into practice. The author's clear style and her balanced approach to this fascinating and complex subject combine to make this a book that will be of central interest and value to scholars and students of linguistic change, at graduate level and above.
English historical linguistics is a subfield of linguistics which has developed theories and methods for exploring the history of the English language. This Handbook provides an account of state-of-the-art research on this history. It offers an in-depth survey of materials, methods, and language-theoretical models used to study the long diachrony of English. The frameworks covered include corpus linguistics, historical sociolinguistics, historical pragmatics and manuscript studies, among others. The chapters, by leading experts, examine the interplay of language theory and empirical data throughout, critically assessing the work in the field. Of particular importance are the diverse data sources which have become increasingly available in electronic form, allowing the discipline to develop in new directions. The Handbook offers access to the rich and many-faceted spectrum of work in English historical linguistics, past and present, and will be useful for researchers and students interested in hands-on research on the history of English.
This volume brings together the latest diachronic research on syntactic features and their role in restricting syntactic change. The chapters address a central theoretical issue in diachronic syntax: whether syntactic variation can always be attributed to differences in the features of items in the lexicon, as the Borer-Chomsky conjecture proposes. In answering this question, all the chapters develop analyses of syntactic change couched within a formalist framework in which rich hierarchical structures and abstract features of various kinds play an important role. The first three parts of the volume explore the different domains of the clause, namely the C-domain, the T-domain and the ?P/VP-domain respectively, while chapters in the final part are concerned with establishing methodology in diachronic syntax and modelling linguistic correspondences. The contributors draw on extensive data from a large number of languages and dialects, including several that have received little attention in the literature on diachronic syntax, such as Romeyka, a Greek variety spoken in Turkey, and Middle Low German, previously spoken in northern Germany. Other languages are explored from a fresh theoretical perspective, including Hungarian, Icelandic, and Austronesian languages. The volume sheds light not only on specific syntactic changes from a cross-linguistic perspective but also on broader issues in language change and linguistic theory.
This collection of papers consolidates the observation that linguistic change typically is actualized step by step: any structural innovation being introduced, accepted, and generalized, over time, in one grammatical environment after another, in a progression that can be understood by reference to the markedness values and the ranking of the conditioning features. The Introduction to the volume and a chapter by Henning Andersen clarify the theoretical bases for this observation, which is exemplified and discussed in separate chapters by Kristin Bakken, Alexander Bergs and Dieter Stein, Vit Bubenik, Ulrich Busse, Marianne Mithun, Lene Schosler, and John Charles Smith in the light of data from the histories of Norwegian, English, Hindi, Northern Iroquoian, and Romance. A final chapter by Michael Shapiro adds a philosophical perspective. The papers were first presented in a workshop on "Actualization Patterns in Linguistic Change" at the XIV International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, B.C. in 1999.
Collective nouns such asmajorite or foulehave long been of interest to linguists for their unusual semantic properties, and provide a valuable source of new data on the evolution of French grammar. This book tests the hypothesis that plural agreement with collective nouns is becoming more frequent in French. Through an analysis of data from a variety of sources, including sociolinguistic interviews, gap-fill tests and corpora, the complex linguistic and external factors which affect this type of agreement are examined, shedding new light on their interaction in this context. Broader questions concerning the methodological challenges of studying variation and change in morphosyntax, and the application of sociolinguistic generalisations to the French of France, are also addressed.
The present volume contains selected papers from the 14th International Morphology Meeting held in Budapest, 13–16 May 2010, organized under the auspices of the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The selection of papers presented here addresses problems of language use in one or another sense, covering issues of regularity, irregularity and analogy, as well as the role of frequency in morphological complexity, morphological change and language acquisition. The languages discussed include Dutch, German, Greek, Hungarian, Lovari (Romani) and Russian. The contributors are Anna Anastassiadis-Symeonidis, Mario Andreou, Márton András Baló, Dunstan Brown, Gabriela Caballero, Anna Maria Di Sciullo, Wolfgang U. Dressler, Roger Evans, Alice C. Harris, László Kálmán, Katharina Korecky-Kröll, Sabine Laaha, Laura E. Lettner, Maria Mitsiaki, Péter Rácz, Angela Ralli, Péter Rebrus, Alan K. Scott, and Miklós Törkenczy.
Investigates when and how preschool children acquire the vernacular norms of the community they come from.
A pioneering study of heritage languages, from a leading scholar in this area of study world-wide.
This book is a comprehensive but accessible description of English as it is spoken in New Zealand. New Zealand English is one of the youngest native speaker varieties of English, and is the only variety of English where there is recorded evidence of its entire history. It shares some features with other Southern Hemisphere varieties of English such as Australian English and South African English, but is also clearly distinct from these. For the past two decades extensive research has focused on the evolution and ongoing development of the variety. New Zealand English presents the results of this research in an accessible way.