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Remarkably, subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) accounts for 15-20% of total orchid diversity with>4,000 species in 29 genera. One of the most extraordinary genera of 'pleurothallids' is Porroglossum, which accounts for 54 described species that are distributed throughout Andean cloud forests in South America. In actuality, the flowers of Porroglossum set it apart from nearly all other 'pleurothallids' because the labellum, when physically stimulated, actively snaps inward thrusting pollinators against the column to ensure pollination. Porroglossum is also an exceedingly young plant lineage that arose between approximately 3 and 4 million years ago. Despite the evolution of an elaborate pollination trap, little is known about the biology of Porroglossum, which presents unique opportunities for evolutionary studies. As a result, we present the first phylogenetic study of the genus Porroglossum. By sequencing multiple genetic markers, we achieve good resolution and support, which allows us to propose a revised subgeneric classification system incertae sedis. Additionally, we found that individual gene trees vary in terms of resolution and statistical support. In particular, we note that species P. sergioi and P. teaguei switch clades when comparing the plastid and nuclear datasets, which suggests potential hybridization when coupled with geographic data that indicates sympatry among their proposed parents. Moreover, we employ Next-Generation Sequencing, in the form of genotyping-by-sequencing, to address phylogenetic uncertainty that stems from the Sanger sequencing study. The GBS study illustrates the importance of extensive parameter testing when reconstructing the evolutionary history of non-model organisms with de novo assembled loci. Specifically, parameter testing helps maximize the recovery of phylogenetically informative characters while reducing the amount of sequencing errors and paralogs in the final dataset. This results in unprecedented resolution thereby resolving deep internal nodes as well as interspecific relationships within Porroglossum. Furthermore, we present the first kinematics study in a phylogenetic context that addresses the active floral snap-trap. Continuous traits appear to be strongly correlated with the evolutionary history of Porroglossum. Within the genus, we note clades with delayed and undelayed snap-traps that take multiple minutes or only a few seconds to close respectively. Lastly, snap-trap traits appear to be correlated with elevation.
The Neotropical orchid genus Mormolyca Fenzl, with at least 28 species, consists of epiphytic plants distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Northern Brazil, including the Greater Antilles. For a relatively small genus, species exhibit considerable flower diversity, possibly correlated with different pollination systems, which include both sexual deception and mutualism (rewards). To study the mechanisms and evolution of pollination systems in the group, a phylogenetic inference based on multiple DNA markers is constructed for use as a framework. The phylogenetic tree, which had good resolution and support, reveals patterns of evolution that are likely related to pollination systems. At the same time, confirms classification of new species that were discovered during this study. To better understand the characters involved in the attraction of insect pollinators, floral micro-morphological traits were studied among species of Mormolyca. Labella of flowers were sectioned and examined for micro-morphological and anatomical characters, as well as for the presence of possible food rewards (e.g., starch, lipids, and proteins). Species were found to cluster into three morphological groups, the Hedwigiae, Ringens and Rufescens groups, based on a combination of labellar papillae, the presence/absence of secretions, nutrients, and scents. The presence of capillary papillae is restricted to the Ringens group, which includes the sexually deceptive species, whereas the Hedwigiae and Rufescens groups (the rewarding species) have papillae with distended apices that produce aromatic amino acids. Labellar papillae, in conjunction with osmophores (glandular tissue), provide the flowers the ability to attract, guide, feed, and/or deceive pollinators through a combination of visual, tactile, and/or olfactory cues. To further understand the possible olfactory cues, floral fragrance composition was investigated for six species of Mormolyca representing the three morphologically distinct groups. Volatile and nonvolatile constituents of flower extracts were identified with Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry. The species that are sexually deceptive contain alkanes and alkenes known to be involved with sexual mimicry in Orchidaceae. Species that are thought to offer rewards in the form of nutrient-rich labellar secretions or papillae were distinctively scented. These species release volatiles that are characteristic of euglossophilous flowers (flowers pollinated by euglossine bees).
For centuries orchids have been among the most popular of plant families, with thousands of species and hybrids cultivated worldwide for the diversity, beauty, and intricacy of their flowers. The Genera Orchidacearum series represents a robust and natural classification of the orchids, something that has eluded plant scientists and orchid enthusiasts for years. The editors, who are all distinguished orchid specialists, incorporate a wealth of new DNA data into a truly phylogenetic classification, identifying the areas and taxa that merit additional work. To this end, they have invited several international specialists to contribute in their particular areas of expertise. Each volume provides comprehensive coverage of one or two orchid subfamilies, and the series as a whole will be an indispensable reference tool for scientists, orchid breeders, and growers. Orchidaceae is the largest monocotyledon family and perhaps the largest plant family in terms of number of species, approximately 25,000. Although the fossil record is limited, active molecular research in recent years has unravelled many of the complexities and phylogenetics of this cosmopolitan plant family. This sixth and final volume treats 140 genera in tribes Dendrobieae and Vandeae of the largest subfamily, Epidendroideae, including some of the showiest orchids often used in hybridizing. Comprehensive treatments are provided for each genus, which include complete nomenclature, description, distribution (with map), anatomy, palynology, cytogenetics, phytochemistry, phylogenetics, pollination, ecology, and economic uses. Cultivation notes are included for those genera known to be in hobbyist collections. Genera are beautifully illustrated with line drawings and colour photographs. An Addendum updates a few generic accounts published in past volumes. A cumulative glossary, list of generic synonyms with their equivalents, and list of all series contributors round out this final volume in the series.
Genera Orchidacearum is the first monograph of the world's orchid genera that reflects their long evolutionary history and reveals relationships based on genealogical descent and the most up-to-date DNA data.
Orchids are among the most popular and widely collected of plant families, with tropical species and hybrids being cultivated the world over. The five volumes of Genera Orchidacearum will provide a complete, robust classification of the orchids, descriptions of individual species, and cultivational information. The series, superbly illustrated with colour photographs and line drawings of all the genera, will be an absolutely indispensable reference tool both for scientists, and for orchid breeders, collectors, and enthusiasts. This, the first volume of the Genera Orchidacearum, includes Cypripedioideae, the slipper orchids, arguably the most attractive and popular orchids of all.
Recipient of the 1994 Henry Allan Gleason Award of the New York Botanical Garden, this important book delimits several major natural groups within the orchids, suggesting areas that need further research by botanists.Published at $49.95 Our last copies available at $24.98
This book critically reviews advances in our understanding of the biology of vascular epiphytes since Andreas Schimper’s 1888 seminal work. It addresses all aspects of their biology, from anatomy and physiology to ecology and evolution, in the context of general biological principles. By comparing epiphytes with non-epiphytes throughout, it offers a valuable resource for researchers in plant sciences and related disciplines. A particular strength is the identification of research areas that have not received the attention they deserve, with conservation being a case in point. Scientists have tended to study pristine systems, but global developments call for information on epiphytes in human-disturbed systems and the response of epiphytes to global climate change.