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This book concentrates on the use of biomaterials in nanomedicine. The areas of focus include drug delivery by polymers, lipids, and carbohydrates for the delivery of small molecules, RNA interference, and proteins; the use of nano-proteins such as antibodies and peptides as targeting agents for therapeutics and diagnosis; the use of nanocarrier-based biomaterials for manipulation of stem cells; different aspects of toxicity of nanocarriers (the immune response, liver toxicity, and many more); and success stories of biomaterials that have reached the clinics. The book covers theoretical and experimental analysis of various biomaterials that are used in nanomedicine, research methods and preparation techniques, and several promising applications.
One of the central problems in the study of the mechanism of DNA-ligand interactions is the existence and nature of sequence specificity with respect to the base pairs of DNA. The presence of such a specificity could be of particular significance because it might possibly mean the involvement of specific genes in the effectiveness of the different drugs. The elucidation of the factors responsible for the specificity could then be important for the development of compounds susceptible to contribute to the control of gene expression and also to the development of rationally conceived, improved new generations of effective and specific chemotherapeutic agents. Important recent achievements, experimental and theoretical, in the analysis of such sequence specificities open prospects for possible rapid progress in this field. The 23rd Jerusalem symposium was devoted to the exploration of these recent achievements in relation to many types of ligand, with special emphasis on antitumor drugs. All major types of interaction, intercalation, groove binding, covalent linking, coordination, have been considered. So was also the effect of the interaction on the structure and properties of the nucleic acids and the relationship between the interaction and biological or pharmacological activities. We feel that this Volume presents a relatively complete up-to-date account of the state of the art in this important field of research.
DNA sequence specificity is a sub-specialty in the general area of molecular recognition. This area includes macromolecular-molecular interactions (e.g., protein-DNA), oligomer-DNA interacitons (e.g., triple strands), and ligand-DNA interactions (e.g., drug-DNA). It is this latter group of DNA sequence specificity interactions that is the subject of Volumes 1 and 2 of Advances in DNA Sequence Specific Agents. As was the case for Volume 1, Part A also covers methodology, but in Volume 2 we include calorimetric titrations, molecular modeling, X-ray crystallographic and NMR structural studies, and transcriptional assays. Part B also follows the same format as Volume 1 and describes the sequence specificities and covalent and noncovalent interactions of small ligands with DNA.This volume is aimed in general at scientists who have an interest in deciphering the molecular mechanisms for sequence recognition of DNA. The methods have general applicability to small molecules as well as oligomers and proteins, while the examples provide general principles involved in sequence recognition.
As the first edition of this book was going through the publication process, a revolution was taking place in the technologies available for the study of enzymes. The techniques of molecular biology, especially in genetic engineering of organisms and in site specific mutagenesis of genes, were established and were being brought into use to solve many problems in in enzymology. Added to these fundamental and applied science, not least advances the possibility of generating catalysts from antibodies has become a topic of major interest. These major innovations have changed the emphasis of much bioorganic research; whereas in the past, the protein was often the 'sleeping partner' ina study, its detailed function is now the major focus of scientific interest. Similarly in industry, the potential of genetically manipulated organisms to satisfy the needs for the production of chemicals and foodstuffs has been widely recognised. The second edition of 'Enzyme Chemistry, Impact and Applications' takes on board these new develop ments whilst maintaining the overall aims and views of the first edition. Many of the chapters have been completely rewritten to take account of advances in the last five years especially with regard to the impact of biologically based technologies. Although the book continues to approach its subject matter from the point of view of the chemist, the increased interdisciplinary content of much modern science will be obvious from the discussion.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Volume 1: General Introduction to Molecular Sciences Volume 2: Physical Aspects of Molecular Systems Volume 3: Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactivity Volume 4: Molecular Phenomena in Biological Sciences
The present volume deals with the application of the following techniques; computational chemistry, X-ray diffraction, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. The book will discuss how these methods can be used to study steric aspects of biomolecular interactions.