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Abstract: Recently, cortical correlates of specific dream contents have been reported, such as the activation of the sensorimotor cortex during dreamed hand clenching. Yet, despite a close resemblance of such activation patterns to those seen during the corresponding wakeful behaviour, the causal mechanisms underlying specific dream contents remain largely elusive. Here, we aimed to investigate the causal role of the sensorimotor cortex in generating movement and bodily sensations during REM sleep dreaming. Following bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or sham stimulation, guided by functional mapping of the primary motor cortex, naive participants were awakened from REM sleep and responded to a questionnaire on bodily sensations in dreams. Electromyographic (EMG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were used to quantify physiological changes during the preceding REM period. We found that tDCS, compared to sham stimulation, significantly decreased reports of dream movement, especially of repetitive actions. Other types of bodily experiences, such as tactile or vestibular sensations, were not affected by tDCS, confirming the specificity of stimulation effects to movement sensations. In addition, tDCS reduced EEG interhemispheric coherence in parietal areas and affected the phasic EMG correlation between both arms. These findings show that a complex temporal reorganization of the motor network co-occurred with the reduction of dream movement, revealing a link between central and peripheral motor processes and movement sensations of the dream self. tDCS over the sensorimotor cortex interferes with dream movement during REM sleep, which is consistent with a causal contribution to dream experience and has broader implications for understanding the neural basis of self-experience in dreams
Dream research has advanced considerably since the discovery of REM sleep. However, despite theprogress made and the existence of various theories of dreaming, the neuroanatomical origins underlyingdream recall remains a controversial topic. This may have been due to a lack of suitable tools to effectively test such theories. There is now, however, a diverse range of noninvasive brain stimulation tools available, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCs) that may be applied to this question. Thus, this thesis aimed to take advantage of the availability of one such tool (tDCs) to investigate the underlying cortical processes in dreaming.In order to clarify the neuroanatomical regions related to dreaming, this thesis initially presents ameta-analysis of neuroimaging studies conducted during REM and NREM sleep. The most consistentfinding across studies was that frontal deactivation featured prominently during REM sleep whencompared to wakefulness. The experimental studies presented in this thesis employed tDCs in order todirectly investigate the cortical origins of dreaming in healthy participants. Specifically, the effect of weak tDCs applied during sleep to various neocortical regions implicated in the dream recall process (prefrontal cortex, right posterior parietal cortex, occipital cortex) on visual imagery reported on awakening. In the first experiment, an attempt was made to recreate, to some extent, some of the cortical activity observed during REM sleep (prefrontal deactivation, posterior parietal activation) during stage 2 sleep. This was achieved through the application of simultaneous anodal and cathodal tDCs to the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex, respectively. Consistent with proponents of cortical involvement (e.g. Nielsen, Solms), tDCs of posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex during stage 2 sleep was related to a higher percentage of imagery reports from the tDCs condition compared to control conditions. While the results from the stage 2 study do not discount the involvement of subcortical structures in dream generation and recall, they dohowever add to the growing body of research implicating the involvement of cortical mechanisms.In two further experiments, tDCs was administered during slow wave sleep (SWS) and stage 1 sleep onset (SO) in an attempt to induce the cortical activation/deactivation pattern of REM sleep. However, simultaneous anodal (posterior parietal) and cathodal (prefrontal) tDCs during SWS and simultaneous anodal (prefrontal) and cathodal (occipital) tDCs during SO failed to facilitate or inhibit dream recall from these two stages of sleep, respectively.In the final experiment, anodal (prefrontal) and cathodal (posterior parietal) tDCs was applied duringREM sleep to determine whether such stimulation could inhibit dream recall from a sleep stage known for its heightened cortical activity and dream recall. TDCs had no effect on dream recall during this stage of sleep, suggesting that dreaming during this stage may be difficult to suppress. The concluding chapterexplores possible methodological and theoretical explanations for the findings, and argues that it may be the unique properties of each of the sleep stage which led to the observed results.
The Stimulated Brain—which garnered an Honorable Mention for Biomedicine & Neuroscience at the 2015 PROSE Awards from the Association of American Publishers—presents the first integration of findings on brain stimulation from different research fields with a primary focus on Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES), one of the most frequently used noninvasive stimulation methods. The last decade has witnessed a significant increase in the amount of research exploring how noninvasive brain stimulation can not only modulate but also enhance cognition and brain functions. However, although Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and particularly tES have the potential to become more widely applicable techniques (as they come with none of the risks associated with deep brain stimulation) the reference literature on these neurotechnologies has been sparse. This resource provides a broad survey of current knowledge, and also marks future directions in cognitive and neuro-enhancement. It expands our understanding of basic research findings from animals and humans, including clear translational benefits for applied research and the therapeutic use of noninvasive brain stimulation methods. The book's coverage includes a primer that paves the way to a more advanced knowledge of tES and its physiological basis; current research findings on cognitive and neuro-enhancement in animals and typical and atypical human populations, such as neurological patients; and discussions of future directions, including specific neuroethical issues and pathways for collaboration and entrepreneurialism. The Stimulated Brain is the first book to provide a comprehensive understanding of different aspects of noninvasive brain stimulation that are critical for scientists, clinicians, and those who are interested in "stimulating their minds by exploring this fascinating field of research. - Honorable Mention for Biomedicine & Neuroscience in the 2015 PROSE Awards from the Association of American Publishers - The only reference on the market to focus on transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) - Coverage across technical, historical, and application topics makes this the single, comprehensive resource for researchers and students - Edited book with chapters authored by international leaders in the fields of medicine, neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy—providing the broadest, most expert coverage available
The second edition of The Neurology of Consciousness is a comprehensive update of this ground-breaking work on human consciousness, the first book in this area to summarize the neuroanatomical and functional underpinnings of consciousness by emphasizing a lesional approach offered by the study of neurological patients. Since the publication of the first edition in 2009, new methodologies have made consciousness much more accessible scientifically, and, in particular, the study of disorders, disruptions, and disturbances of consciousness has added tremendously to our understanding of the biological basis of human consciousness. The publication of a new edition is both critical and timely for continued understanding of the field of consciousness. In this critical and timely update, revised and new contributions by internationally renowned researchers—edited by the leaders in the field of consciousness research—provide a unique and comprehensive focus on human consciousness. The new edition of The Neurobiology of Consciousness will continue to be an indispensable resource for researchers and students working on the cognitive neuroscience of consciousness and related disorders, as well as for neuroscientists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and neurologists contemplating consciousness as one of the philosophical, ethical, sociological, political, and religious questions of our time. - New chapters on the neuroanatomical basis of consciousness and short-term memory, and expanded coverage of comas and neuroethics, including the ethics of brain death - The first comprehensive, authoritative collection to describe disorders of consciousness and how they are used to study and understand the neural correlates of conscious perception in humans. - Includes both revised and new chapters from the top international researchers in the field, including Christof Koch, Marcus Raichle, Nicholas Schiff, Joseph Fins, and Michael Gazzaniga
Recent scientific studies have brought significant advances in the understanding of basic mental functions such as memory, dreams, identification, repression, which constitute the basis of the psychoanalytical theory. This book focuses on the possibility of interactions between psychoanalysis and neuroscience: emotions and the right hemisphere, serotonin and depression. It is a unique tool for professionals and students in these fields, and for operators of allied disciplines, such as psychology and psychotherapy.
The human imagination manifests in countless different forms. We imagine the possible and the impossible. How do we do this so effortlessly? Why did the capacity for imagination evolve and manifest with undeniably manifold complexity uniquely in human beings? This handbook reflects on such questions by collecting perspectives on imagination from leading experts. It showcases a rich and detailed analysis on how the imagination is understood across several disciplines of study, including anthropology, archaeology, medicine, neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. An integrated theoretical-empirical-applied picture of the field is presented, which stands to inform researchers, students, and practitioners about the issues of relevance across the board when considering the imagination. With each chapter, the nature of human imagination is examined - what it entails, how it evolved, and why it singularly defines us as a species.
An up-to-date, superbly illustrated practical guide to the effective use of neuroimaging in the patient with sleep disorders. The only book to date to provide comprehensive coverage of this topic. A must for all healthcare workers interested in understanding the causes, consequences and treatment of sleep disorders.
This is a concise and comprehensive review of geriatric sleep medicine from a multidisciplinary viewpoint.
A great deal of progress has been made in the characterization assessment and treatment of sleep disorders in recent years. Detailing the functions of sleep and its effect on cognition and development, this book offers a comprehensive, practical approach to the evaluation and treatment of patients with sleep disorders.
Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy (MIT) remains unique in providing instruments for dealing with clients with prominent emotional inhibition and suppression, a population for whom treatment options are largely lacking. This book provides clinicians with techniques to treat this population, including guided imagery and re-scripting, two-chairs, role-play, body-oriented work and interpersonal mindfulness. Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy is aimed at increasing clients’ awareness of their inner world, fostering a sense of agency over their experience, and dismantling the core, embodied aspects of the schemas. The techniques included also provide clients with fresh instruments to overcome pain and act creatively in their everyday life. Using an improved version of the MIT decision-making procedure, the authors have provided a set of techniques aimed at modifying mental imagery, body states, and behaviour, as well as at steering attention to avoid falling prey to rumination. The book is structured to gently push clients towards change, but also to always prioritize the clients’ goals and needs. Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy serves as an important guide for clinicians of any orientation.