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Programming is a skill which requires knowledge of both the basic constructs of the computer language used and techniques employing these constructs. How these are used in any given application is determined intuitively, and this intuition is based on experience of programs already written. One aim of this book is to describe the techniques and give practical examples of the techniques in action - to provide some experience. Another aim of the book is to show how a program should be developed, in particular how a relatively large program should be tackled in a structured manner.
Programming is a skill requiring knowledge of both the basic constructs of computer languages and the techniques employing these constructs. How these are used in any application is often determined by experience of existing programs. This book provides such experience by describing the techniques and implementing them in one useful program: an advanced drawing package. The book also shows the development of a large program. The program is implemented using TopSpeed Modula-2 running on IBM PCs and compatibles. Modula-2 is ideally suited for the task. A knowledge of the language is assumed. The program, including its source, is available on disk.
Modula-2 is a simple yet powerful programming language that is suitable for a wide variety of applications. It is based on Pascal, a successful programming language that was introduced in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. During the 1970's Pascal became the most widely taught programming language and it gained acceptance in science and industry. In 1980 Dr. Wirth released the Modula-2 program ming language. Modula-2 is an evolution of Pascal. It improves on the successes of Pascal while adding the MODULE - a tool for ex pressing the relations between the major parts of programs. In ad dition Modula-2 contains low-level features for systems program ming and coroutines for concurrent programming. Programming languages are important because they are used to express ideas. Some programming languages are so limited that certain ideas can't be easily expressed. For example languages that lac k floating point arithmetic are inappropriate for scientific com putations. Languages such as Basic and Fortran that lack recur sion are unsuitable for text processing or systems programming. Sometimes a programming language is useable for a certain appli cation but it is far from ideal. A good example is the difficulty of writing large programs in pure Pascal. Pascal is a poor language for large jobs because it lacks facilities for partitioning a program viii Preface 6
Presents the entire Modula-2 language and illustrates its use in the context of modern software development. The book focuses on the use of abstract data types and information hiding in the software development process. It shows how the frame of a software system can be specified, at the design stage, using Modula-2 as a program design language. In fact, the ability to separate the specification of an abstraction from its implementation is one of the key features of Modula-2.
MODULA-2 is a new programming language which was created by Niklaus Wirth of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. The lan guage is derived from PASCAL: it includes all aspects of PASCAL and some times improves on them. Moreover, MODULA-2 includes the important "mod ule" concept, as well as multiprogramming capabilities and a way of implemen ting low-level software in an elegant manner. In summary, MODULA-2 may be used equally well as a general-purpose programming language and as a system implementation language. MODULA-2 provides the programmer with a good way of writing high quality software. In particular, modules are powerful tools for achieving modularity, reliability, readability, extensibility, reusability and ma chine-independence. This book presents the complete MODULA-21anguage from the beginning. Each topic is presented by means of numerous examples and each concept is justified. The syntax of the language is explained using syntactic diagrams. This book is not a reference manual for MODULA-2, but a textbook from which the student can learn the language progressively. The most important con cepts (i.e. procedures, modules and data structures) are explained in great detail and methodological aspects are also emphasized. Beginning in the first chapter, the student may execute his/her own pro grams. Program examples in this book have been executed on several machines (APPLE II, IBM PC and VAX 11/780) and they may be taken as a basis for stu dents.
This text is an introduction to programming in general, and a manual for programming with the language Modula-2 in particular. It is oriented primarily towards people who have already acquired some basic knowledge of programming and would like to deepen their understanding in a more structured way. Neveltheless, an introductory chapter is included for the benefit of the beginner, displaying in a concise form some of the fundamental concepts of computers and their programming. The text is therefore also suitable as a self-contained tutorial. The notation used is Modula-2, which lends itself well for a structured approach and leads the student to a working style that has generally become known under the title of structured programming. As a manual for programming in Modula-2, the text covers practically all facilities of that language. Part 1 covers the basic notions of the variable, expression, assignment, conditional and repetitive statement, and array data structure. Together with Palt 2 which introduces the important concept of the procedure or subroutine, it contains essentially the material commonly discussed in introductory programming courses. Part 3 concerns data types and structures and constitutes the essence of an advanced course on programming. Palt 4 introduces the notion of the module, a concept that is fundamental to the design of larger programmed systems and to programming as team work. The most commonly used utility programs for input and output are presented as examples of modules.
Let me begin with a confession: when I began to write, I wondered if yet another introductory programming language was needed. Nevertheless, thought I, better Oh My! Modula-2! today than Oh No! Not Ada! tomorrow.
Making Sense of Modula-2 assumes no previous knowledge of Modula-2. The authors provide a complete course in both the principles of good software design and the use of the language applied to real problems. Includes examples in design, implementation, documentation, testing and modification that enable readers to experience the whole of the software engineering spectrum.