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This text is an introduction to programming in general, and a manual for programming with the language Modula-2 in particular. It is oriented primarily towards people who have already acquired some basic knowledge of programming and would like to deepen their understanding in a more structured way. Nevertheless, an introductory chapter is included for the benefit of the beginner, displaying in a concise form some of the fundamental concepts of computers and their programming. The text is therefore also suitable as a self-contained tutorial. The notation used is Modula-2, which lends itself well for a structured approach and leads the student to a working style that has generally become known under the title of structured programming. As a manual for programming in Modula-2, the text covers practically all facilities of that language. Part 1 covers the basic notions of the variable, expression, assignment, conditional and repetitive statement, and array data structure. Together with Part 2 which introduces the important concept of the procedure or subroutine, it contains essentially the material commonly discussed in introductory programming courses. Part 3 concerns data types and structures and constitutes the essence of an advanced course on programming. Part 4 introduces the notion of the module, a concept that is fundamental to the design of larger programmed systems and to programming as team work. The most commonly used utility programs for input and output are presented as examples of modules. And fmally, Part 5 covers facilities for system programming, device handling, and multiprogramming.
Modula-2 is a simple yet powerful programming language that is suitable for a wide variety of applications. It is based on Pascal, a successful programming language that was introduced in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. During the 1970's Pascal became the most widely taught programming language and it gained acceptance in science and industry. In 1980 Dr. Wirth released the Modula-2 program ming language. Modula-2 is an evolution of Pascal. It improves on the successes of Pascal while adding the MODULE - a tool for ex pressing the relations between the major parts of programs. In ad dition Modula-2 contains low-level features for systems program ming and coroutines for concurrent programming. Programming languages are important because they are used to express ideas. Some programming languages are so limited that certain ideas can't be easily expressed. For example languages that lac k floating point arithmetic are inappropriate for scientific com putations. Languages such as Basic and Fortran that lack recur sion are unsuitable for text processing or systems programming. Sometimes a programming language is useable for a certain appli cation but it is far from ideal. A good example is the difficulty of writing large programs in pure Pascal. Pascal is a poor language for large jobs because it lacks facilities for partitioning a program viii Preface 6
MODULA-2 is a new programming language which was created by Niklaus Wirth of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. The lan guage is derived from PASCAL: it includes all aspects of PASCAL and some times improves on them. Moreover, MODULA-2 includes the important "mod ule" concept, as well as multiprogramming capabilities and a way of implemen ting low-level software in an elegant manner. In summary, MODULA-2 may be used equally well as a general-purpose programming language and as a system implementation language. MODULA-2 provides the programmer with a good way of writing high quality software. In particular, modules are powerful tools for achieving modularity, reliability, readability, extensibility, reusability and ma chine-independence. This book presents the complete MODULA-21anguage from the beginning. Each topic is presented by means of numerous examples and each concept is justified. The syntax of the language is explained using syntactic diagrams. This book is not a reference manual for MODULA-2, but a textbook from which the student can learn the language progressively. The most important con cepts (i.e. procedures, modules and data structures) are explained in great detail and methodological aspects are also emphasized. Beginning in the first chapter, the student may execute his/her own pro grams. Program examples in this book have been executed on several machines (APPLE II, IBM PC and VAX 11/780) and they may be taken as a basis for stu dents.
This book is intended for the novice as well as for the experienced programmer who wants to learn Modula-2. We do not limit ourselves to just a description of Modula-2. Instead, we seek to familiarize the reader with the concept of algorithms and to show him/her how to implement algorithms in Modula-2. The programming language Modula-2 was developed by Niklaus Wirth (also the father of world-famous Pascal) and made public in 1978. Compared to other programming languages such as Ada, COBOL or PL/!, Modula-2 is a compact language, which makes it easy to learn. Nevertheless, Modula-2 contains all important language elements necessary for formulating complicated algorithms and for implementing the modern concepts of software engineering. Modula-2 is distinguished by a systematic structure that makes it possible to write easily readable programs. The language supports many of the principles of modern software engineering. All this makes Modula-2 a useful instrument for an introduction to the basics of programming. This textbook strives to establish a solid foundation in the techniques of programming with up-to-date methods of program development. Use of the programming language Modula-2 is reinforced with numerous hands-on exercises. This book does not presuppose any knowledge of programming, but it does require a certain ability in the realm of abstract thinking, some pleasure in problem solving, and a desire to come to terms with complex interrelationships.
This book describes the programming language Modula-2. It is written for people who know the Pascal language and who wish to learn Modula-2 in terms of their knowledge of Pascal. The text is divided into three parts. Part 1 introduces concepts unique to Modula-2 and thus new to Pascal programmers. Part 2 describes differences from Pascal. Part 3 defines modules which provide basic programming facilities. The appendices include a glossary and syntax diagrams. Please note that this book does not offer a complete description of the Modula-2 language; it is intended to complement Niklaus Wirth's definitive book Programming in Modula-2 (Springer-Verlag, 1983). Some readers will recognize this book as being based upon the Volition Systems Modula-2 User's Manual. Enough has changed to merit its reappearance in this more dignified form: existing material has been reorganized to improve clarity; new material has been added to improve content. This book was written with the ASE text editor. The text was produced in camera-ready form on the Scenic LaserTezt composition system. I wish to thank the following people and organizations for their contributions to the development of this book: Volition Systems, for giving me the opportunity to write about Modula-2; Jim Merritt, for reviewing an early draft; the Institut far Informatik, ETH Zarich, for publishing a series of informative technical papers on Modula-2; and finally, all the pioneer users of Volition Systems Modula-2, for their patience and foresight and support.
Thecircleisclosed.The European Modula-2 Conference was originally launched with the goal of increasing the popularity of Modula-2, a programming language created by Niklaus Wirth and his team at ETH Zuric ̈ h as a successor of Pascal. For more than a decade, the conference has wandered through Europe, passing Bled,Slovenia,in1987,Loughborough,UK,in1990,Ulm,Germany,in1994,and Linz, Austria, in 1997. Now, at the beginning of the new millennium, it is back at its roots in Zuric ̈ h, Switzerland. While traveling through space and time, the conference has mutated. It has widened its scope and changed its name to Joint Modular Languages Conference (JMLC). With an invariant focus, though, on modularsoftwareconstructioninteaching,research,and“outthere”inindustry. This topic has never been more important than today, ironically not because of insu?cient language support but, quite on the contrary, due to a truly c- fusing variety of modular concepts o?ered by modern languages: modules, pa- ages, classes, and components, the newest and still controversial trend. “The recent notion of component is still very vaguely de?ned, so vaguely, in fact, that it almost seems advisable to ignore it.” (Wirth in his article “Records, Modules, Objects, Classes, Components” in honor of Hoare’s retirement in 1999). Clar- cation is needed.
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This volume contains the papers which have been accepted for presentation atthe Third International Symposium on Programming Language Implementation andLogic Programming (PLILP '91) held in Passau, Germany, August 26-28, 1991. The aim of the symposium was to explore new declarative concepts, methods and techniques relevant for the implementation of all kinds of programming languages, whether algorithmic or declarative ones. The intention was to gather researchers from the fields of algorithmic programming languages as well as logic, functional and object-oriented programming. This volume contains the two invited talks given at the symposium by H. Ait-Kaci and D.B. MacQueen, 32 selected papers, and abstracts of several system demonstrations. The proceedings of PLILP '88 and PLILP '90 are available as Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volumes 348 and 456.