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Since the beginning of the preparation of this volume, we have been convinced that temperature and pressure measurements should not be separated, particularly in different applications at low temperatures. This belief has made us deeply conscious of the fact that the advanced applications and modern experimental methods of investigation in science and technology need the combination of various professional experiences and approaches. Although the book is divided into two parts (Part I by F. Pavese and Part II by G. F. Molinar), we have tried to correlate low-temperature and low-pressure measurements as much as possible. We hope that our readers will find this book, which contains a large number of experimental and reference data, useful in their effort to solve measurement problems. We are pleased to acknowledge our debt to several persons and wish to express our gratitude to them for their valuable cooperation and help: to our research group colleagues at the Istituto di Metrologia "G. Colonnetti" -IMGC (CNR), without whom the knowledge and the experience we built up during many years could not have been acquired; to G. T. McConville, M. Durieux, and K. Grohmann for revisions of and various suggestions for Part I; to V. E. Bean and C. R. Tilford of NIST and G. T. McConville for revisions of and various suggestions for Part II; and to I. Prinetti of IMGC for many valuable suggestions and careful textual revisions.
With the recent development of temperature measurement systems, continuous temperature profiles can be obtained with high precision. Small temperature changes can be detected by modern temperature measuring instruments such as fiber optic distributed temperature sensor (DTS) in intelligent completions and will potentially aid the diagnosis of downhole flow conditions. In vertical wells, since elevational geothermal changes make the wellbore temperature sensitive to the amount and the type of fluids produced, temperature logs can be used successfully to diagnose the downhole flow conditions. However, geothermal temperature changes along the wellbore being small for horizontal wells, interpretations of a temperature log become difficult. The primary temperature differences for each phase (oil, water, and gas) are caused by frictional effects. Therefore, in developing a thermal model for horizontal wellbore, subtle temperature changes must be accounted for. In this project, we have rigorously derived governing equations for a producing horizontal wellbore and developed a prediction model of the temperature and pressure by coupling the wellbore and reservoir equations. Also, we applied Ramey's model (1962) to the build section and used an energy balance to infer the temperature profile at the junction. The multilateral wellbore temperature model was applied to a wide range of cases at varying fluid thermal properties, absolute values of temperature and pressure, geothermal gradients, flow rates from each lateral, and the trajectories of each build section. With the prediction models developed, we present inversion studies of synthetic and field examples. These results are essential to identify water or gas entry, to guide flow control devices in intelligent completions, and to decide if reservoir stimulation is needed in particular horizontal sections. This study will complete and validate these inversion studies.
Practical information about today's vacuum technology The purpose of this book is to help scientists, engineers and technicians learn about and better understand the vacuum technology found in science and industry today. It is written so that anyone, whether new to the art or an experienced practitioner, who wishes to learn about vacuum engineering can do so quickly and easily. It provides an undercut to the many classic texts that are still available today. Armed with the information contained within, the technologist will be able to go to the more advanced materials, if needed, and absorb that knowledge quickly and efficiently. This second edition contains the absolute latest technology, some not found in any vacuum technology book to date. It has updated information about pressure measurement, pumping and residual gas analysis. You will find information about the cutting edge research being done by NIST to develop quantum based standards. Understanding Modern Vacuum Technology explains concepts and methods by presenting the historical background of the development of the technology and how it has evolved into the technology we use today. It draws on historical papers and patents to show how the technology was conceived and then brings the topic up to modern times. In this way the reader will gain full conceptual understandings so that he or she will be able to then create sound vacuum solutions for the technical challenges that they face. A partial list of topics: Gas Laws Microscopic Description of a Gas Flows and Conductance Pressure Measurement Partial Pressure and Mass Analysis Vapor Pressure Photonic Pressure Measurement Flow Characteristics in Vacuum Rough Vacuum Pumps Diffusion Pumps Turbomolecular Pumps Cryopumps Ion Pumps Getter Pumps Calibrated Leaks Leaks and their Detection In order to learn more, visit www.ModernVacuumTechnology.com.
Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.
Reports NIST research and development in the physical and engineering sciences in which the Institute is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Emphasis on measurement methodology and the basic technology underlying standardization.
Contemporary Measurement Concepts is an introductory engineering technology textbook intended to support a study of measurements, controls and common physical variables encountered in the process automation and experimental testing fields. The text employs real-world applications of pressure, stress/strain, level, flow and temperature apparatus to investigate contemporary sensing, transmitting and control principles. This is an excellent text for integrating and balancing inter-disciplinary two-year and four-year engineering technology curricula with contemporary product testing and process measurement/control concepts. The text is 10 chapters and 600 pages in length. Chapters contain introductory physical principles, application examples, example problems and real-world application-based homework problems. Chapter topics include measurement and control concepts; standards, symbols and diagrams; applied physics; stress/strain; pressure; level; flow; temperature; displacement; control loops and control modes.