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Documents the science, the mission, the spacecraft and the instrumentation on a unique NASA mission to study the Earth’s dynamic, dangerous and fascinating Van Allen radiation belts that surround the planet This collection of articles provides broad and detailed information about NASA’s Van Allen Probes (formerly known as the Radiation Belt Storm Probes) twin-spacecraft Earth-orbiting mission. The mission has the objective of achieving predictive understanding of the dynamic, intense, energetic, dangerous, and presently unpredictable belts of energetic particles that are magnetically trapped in Earth’s space environment above the atmosphere. It documents the science of the radiation belts and the societal benefits of achieving predictive understanding. Detailed information is provided about the Van Allen Probes mission design, the spacecraft, the science investigations, and the onboard instrumentation that must all work together to make unprecedented measurements within a most unforgiving environment, the core of Earth’s most intense radiation regions. This volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers active in space science, solar-terrestrial interactions and studies of the upper atmosphere. Originally published in Space Science Reviews, Vol. 179/1-4, 2013.
Silicon technology today forms the basis of a world-wide, multi-billion dollar component industry. The reason for this expansion can be found not only in the physical properties of silicon but also in the unique properties of the silicon-silicon dioxide interface. However, silicon devices are still subject to undesired electrical phenomena called "instabilities". These are due mostly to the imperfect nature of the insulators used, to the not-so-perfect silicon-insulator interface and to the generation of defects and ionization phenomena caused by radiation. The problem of instabilities is addressed in this volume, the third of this book series. Vol.3 updates and supplements the material presented in the previous two volumes, and devotes five chapters to the problems of radiation-matter and radiation-device interactions. The volume will aid circuit manufacturers and circuit users alike to relate unstable electrical parameters and characteristics to the presence of physical defects and impurities or to the radiation environment which caused them.
Space systems planners--space engineers as well as physicists--require for their work accurate values of the fluxes and energy spectra of protons and electrons trapped in the geomagnetic field. Numerous measurements have been made of the Van Allen belt radiations on many satellites, with different instruments and at different times. Most of the experimenters organize their data in terms of McIlwain's B, L coordinates, but intercomparison of the results from different experiments is still complicated by temporal variations of the fluxes and differences in energy response of the various instruments used to obtain the data. A need existed, therefore, for collating the individual measurements and for constructing a model environment. This report contains a description of the model which has been developed for the inner radiation belt. The graphs in this report give a picture of the radiations; card decks containing the actual flux values have also been prepared and can be used in subroutines of larger computer programs. In addition, codes have been developed for integrating the flux along satellite orbits.