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Provides an introduction to the state-of-the-art in computer modelling of corrosion and related electrochemical processes. Aimed at corrosion engineers, physicists, and model developers, this book contains contributions from the researchers and developers of corrosion modelling tools and users who apply the technology in their industry.
Seven papers summarize the main design philosophies for cathodic protection systems to protect structures and ships from the corrosive effects of seawater. The topics include the slope parameter approach and its application to impressed current systems, the relationship of chemical components and im
Cathodic protection (CP) mitigates the high cost of steel and other alloys corroded in seawater and seabed sediments. Marine Corrosion and Cathodic Protection is a comprehensive guide to corrosion issues and presents methodologies to tackle common offshore code-based CP designs. Advanced theory is developed for non-routine CP applications, with and without subsea coating systems. The interactions between CP and the fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of alloys are explained. Sacrificial (or galvanic) anodes and impressed current systems are examined, followed by descriptions of successful and unsuccessful applications on petroleum installations, harbours, jetties, pipelines, windfarm foundations, ships and floating production storage and offloading vessels FPSOs. Retrofit CP systems for the life extension of assets, together with methods for applying CP internally in both static and flowing systems are evaluated. A critical review of the role of physical and computational modelling in CP design and evaluation addresses the more geometrically complex applications. Techniques for, and limitation of, CP surveying, inspection and monitoring are explained in the context of system management. This text is ideal for engineers, designers, manufacturers, equipment suppliers and operators of offshore CP systems.
In this book we collect the information of cathodic protection for pipeline in practical fields, to obtain data base to understand and optimize the design which is made by simulation for the environmental factors and cathodic protection variables also soil resistivity and recording the anodes voltage and its related currents for the protection of underground pipelines. Modeling enables the designer to build cathodic protection for buried structure and predicting the places of anodes sites and its operating voltages and currents under various operational conditions, and comparing it with those in practices.The design of anode ground bed plays an important role since the current distribution and pipe potential will be affected by anode position with respect to the structure position. This book describes the effect of anode position and a comparison has been made with other different positions for the same pipe coated/uncoated in different soil conditions. Contours maps for potential distribution are also obtained.
Petroleum products are of vital importance to the preservation of industrial civilization. These products have been transported over long distances by buried steel pipelines. The pipes are generally in soil environments which contain oxygen and therefore can undergo corrosion. Over the past years, several accidents have been reported which were caused by corrosion, resulting in loss of property and life. These pipes are protected against corrosion using coating and cathodic protection systems. As the demand for petroleum has increased over the years, multiple pipelines sharing rights of way have been used to transport the products. These products are stored in large above ground storage tanks. As each structure is provided with independent cathodic protection system, there arises the possibility of interaction between the different CP systems installed. This interference can cause regions on the structure to be either over or under protected. The effect is greater when there are coating defects in the structures. The objective of this work was to use CP3D, a numerical simulation tool, to study the effect of interference in cathodic protection systems for pipelines. The calculated 13 potential and current distributions along the length of the structure were used to understand the interference effect and performance of cathodic protection system. The simulation tool was also used to extend the recent modeling studies of tank bottoms to account for the presence of coatings and coating flaws on the ability of CP systems to provide adequate protection.
Corrosion is a degrading material process frequently encountered in engineering structures and components, which may lead to costly and catastrophic failures if not properly and timely addressed. This volume describes a wide spectrum of experimental and analytical studies, which provide a fairly comprehensive account of corrosion manifestations and methodologies for addressing them in structural and industrial design. As such, it is expected to make a valuable reference publication for engineers and scientists interested in the protection of structures and components from harmful and potentially ruinous corrosive action. The collected articles comprising this volume address issues which can be categorised into two main areas. The first is concerned with material science approaches to corrosion, that is, visual or instrumental means of assessing existing behaviour or effectiveness of corrective measures and techniques. The second part of the volume comprises boundary element simulations of cathodic protection schemes for the purpose of predicting and optimising their performance. A number of practical problems are analysed such as: the coating condition on a ballast tank wall; the impressed current cathodic protection of an offshore platform and minimizing a ship’s electric and magnetic signature. Topics covered include: Elemental identification; Material loss; Strain fields; Stress corrosion cracking; Corrosion resistance; Fretting corrosion; Contact surface damage; Electrochemical testing; Coating conditions; Cathodic protection; Current density distribution; Pipelines and deep well casings; Electric and magnetic signatures; Coating damage effects; Galvanic corrosion.
All significant studies agree that aqueous corrosion continues to cost nations dearly in almost every area of technological endeavour. Over the past ten years, microcomputers have facilitated an explosion in the power of modelling as a technique in science and engineering. In corrosion they have enabled better understanding of polarization curves, they have transformed the scope of electrochemical impedance measurements and they have placed a large range of electrochemistry at the fingertips of the corrosion scientist. This book focuses on the models, rather than the computing, which have been made possible during the past decade. Aimed at all those with an interest in corrosion and its control, the book draws together the range of new modelling strands, suggests new avenues of approach and generates further momentum for improvements to corrosion management, whether by increased understanding of atomistic processes or by control of large plant.
This paper offers a brief review of methods that are used and presents different applications and experience from computer modeling of offshore cathodic protection systems. This comprises state-of-the-art software based on the Finite Difference Method ( FDM ), Finite Element Method (FEM), and Boundary Element Method (BEM) adapted for the calculation of current and potential distributions on complex, cathodically protected steel structures in seawater.