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Numerical studies in the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System (CAPES), are urgently needed for water quality control, environment protection and disastermitigation. In this study, a three-dimensional primitive equation hydrostatic model withhigh horizontal resolution is configured for the CAPES and its adjacent shelf toinvestigate barotropic/baroclinic wind driven circulation and sea level changes, riverdischarge induced flow, barotropic M2 tide, tidal current and tide-residual current. A newinundation/drying scheme is developed to allow the water-land boundary in the model tomove for simulating hurricane-induced coastal flooding and drying. This inundationalgorithm is based on the sea surface height relative to the adjacent topography, as well asthe distance traveled by the coastal interface, which is determined by the current speedimmediately seaward of the sea-land boundary. The main conclusions of this study are summarized below: (1) The verticalstructure of the wind driven circulation is more complicated in the coastal regions than inthe open area. On the open sea it follows a frictional Ekman equilibrium. (2) Thebaroclinic wind-driven current in the CAPES is over 40 cm/s in some regions due to greatvariations of the salinity distribution. (3) Stream flow nudging is a better method forspecifying the flux boundary condition near a river mouth than the barotropic-flowmethod in simulating river discharge induced flow. In annual mean case, such flow canbe ignored for its contribution to the coastal circulation, however, it could not be ignoredin flood cases. (4) M2 tide is much higher near the coast than inside the CAPES, but M2tidal currents in some regions inside Pamlico Sound can be greater than outside. Therelatively small M2 tide-induced residual current is stable and may have potential effectson long-term cross shelf transport. (5) Mass conservation must be considered in a closedor near closed estuary region when the inundation process is studied, and surfa.
"Tropical cyclones (TCs) pose a persistent threat to North Carolina. The state's coastal plain and outer banks lie between 78 and 75 degrees W, farther east than any other southeastern state. In the last 150 years there have been more than 400 tropical and subtropical cyclones that have affected the state. This project seeks to examine what has become a recurring problem. The storms come, they flood, and the most vulnerable members of society lose everything. Major research questions include: 1) How do the geographic extent of the individual floods compare to the 100-year floodplain and its margins? 2) How many buildings fell within the flooded area? 3) How do the individual floods compare to one another, and what factors explain their differences? The methodology for this study used NASA Landsat 5 and NOAA aerial imagery to examine the extent of the flooded area. Supervised and unsupervised land cover classifications were created to compare the floods on a pixel-by-pixel level. Key results from this study included the number of total buildings in the study area that had been flooded in any one or all of the TCs, the observation that TC Matthew was by far the most disastrous of the three TCs studied, and that both TCs Matthew and Florence met or exceeded the defined 100-year floodplain in the area of study. Although this study is limited in scope, it may provide a stepping stone to further examination of how best to deal with the new reality of 100-year floods every decade in a socially vulnerable urban landscape."--Abstract from author supplied metadata