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A broad overview is made of global earth system modeling in the Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) era for the multidisciplinary audience encompassed by the Global Change Research Program (GCRP). Time scales of global system fluctuation and change are described in Section 2. Section 3 provides a rubric for modeling the global earth system, as presently understood. The ability of models to predict the future state of the global earth system and the extent to which their predictions are reliable are covered in Sections 4 and 5. The 'engineering' use of global system models (and predictions) is covered in Section 6. Section 7 covers aspects of an increasing need for improved transform algorithms and better methods to assimilate this information into global models. Future monitoring and data requirements are detailed in Section 8. Section 9 covers the NASA-initiated concept 'Mission to Planet Earth, ' which employs space and ground based measurement systems to provide the scientific basis for understanding global change. Section 10 concludes this review with general remarks concerning the state of global system modeling and observing technology and the need for future research. Unninayar, Sushel and Bergman, Kenneth H. Unspecified Center CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT MODELS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MISSION TO PLANET EARTH; ATMOSPHERIC MODELS; EARTH OBSERVATIONS (FROM SPACE); EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM (EOS); EARTH RADIATION BUDGET; OCEAN MODELS..
February issue includes Appendix entitled Directory of United States Government periodicals and subscription publications; September issue includes List of depository libraries; June and December issues include semiannual index
The Survey makes accessible the core knowledge of the sciences to curious readers with no special preparation. Within the 377 articles here, 141 cover the major subfields of physical geology, 26 treat areas of economic geology, from essential minerals and other earth resources to the variety of ways man harnesses geothermal, wind, ocean, solar, and nuclear power. Thirty articles examine a range of issues in geochemistry. Geophysics is given full coverage in 35 articles. The planet's history, as well as its impact on the development of life and various early life forms, is explored in 22 articles on fossils, ice ages, dinosaurs, mass extinctions, and evolution. Water is examined in all its forms and sources in 27 articles. There are 36 articles on the solar system, eight on major mountain ranges, soils are done in eight, the atmosphere in 18. Averaging seven pages, articles begin with ready-reference matter and a list of principal terms. A summary section forms the major part of each article, providing a description of either the phenomenon or the methodology. "Context," the concluding section of each essay, presents the conclusions, applications, and implications derived from investigation of the topic. Finally, an annotated, selected bibliography directs the reader to sources that are accessible to the nonspecialist. Cross-references lists articles that offer additional information on the same or a related topic.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) has played a key role over the past several decades in advancing understanding of Earth's systems by funding research on atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, geologic, polar, ecosystem, social, and engineering-related processes. Today, however, those systems are being driven like never before by human technologies and activities. Our understanding has struggled to keep pace with the rapidity and magnitude of human-driven changes, their impacts on human and ecosystem sustainability and resilience, and the effectiveness of different pathways to address those challenges. Given the urgency of understanding human-driven changes, NSF will need to sustain and expand its efforts to achieve greater impact. The time is ripe to create a next-generation Earth systems science initiative that emphasizes research on complex interconnections and feedbacks between natural and social processes. This will require NSF to place an increased emphasis on research inspired by real-world problems while maintaining their strong legacy of curiosity driven research across many disciplines ? as well as enhance the participation of social, engineering, and data scientists, and strengthen efforts to include diverse perspectives in research.
GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues Michael F. Goodchild, Louis T. Steyaert, Bradley O. Parks, Carol Johnston, David Maidment, Michael Crane, and Sandi Glendinning, Editors With growing pressure on natural resources and landscapes there is an increasing need to predict the consequences of any changes to the environment. Modelling plays an important role in this by helping our understanding of the environment and by forecasting likely impacts. In recent years moves have been made to link models to Geographical Information Systems to provide a means of analysing changes over an area as well as over time. GIS and Environmental Modeling explores the progress made to date in integrating these two software systems. Approaches to the subject are made from theoretical, technical as well as data stand points. The existing capabilities of current systems are described along with important issues of data availability, accuracy and error. Various case studies illustrate this and highlight the common concepts and issues that exist between researchers in different environmental fields. The future needs and prospects for integrating GIS and environmental models are also explored with developments in both data handling and modelling discussed. The book brings together the knowledge and experience of over 100 researchers from academic, commercial and government backgrounds who work in a wide range of disciplines. The themes followed in the text provide a fund of knowledge and guidance for those involved in environmental modelling and GIS. The book is easily accessible for readers with a basic GIS knowledge and the ideas and results of the research are clearly illustrated with both colour and black and white graphics.