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Cable median barriers (CMBs) have become a popular roadside safety device for preventing cross-median collisions. It is common to model barrier collisions using finite element analysis (FEA). One of the most important and difficult interactions to model is the interaction between the vehicle and the cables. Currently used cable models incorporate null shells as contact surfaces around beam elements that often cause snagging with the vehicle's components and can exhibit unrealistic contact behavior. Since LS-DYNA supports direct contact definitions with beam elements, it would be ideal to model cables with only beam elements to reduce the number of elements and thus the computational cost. An analytical program is presented to validate both the current cable model and the new one based only on beam contacts. Results from finite element (FE) static and dynamic simulations are presented and compared to closed-form solutions to verify the current and new cable models. A rigid bar-rigid impactor problem is presented to validate and compare the contact behavior when various contact definitions and contact interfaces are implemented. FE simulations of an impactor-cable system are also presented to examine contact interactions when one of the bodies is flexible. These impact simulation results are compared to closed-form analyses. Finally, full-scale FE CMB crash simulations are performed using both contact strategies. The results are compared and simulation durations for each model are also presented. It is shown that the use of null shells for contact purposes is not necessary, since they increase computational cost and are responsible for inaccuracies and instabilities in the models.
Governed by strict regulations and the intricate balance of complex interactions among variables, the application of mechanics to vehicle crashworthiness is not a simple task. It demands a solid understanding of the fundamentals, careful analysis, and practical knowledge of the tools and techniques of that analysis. Vehicle Crash Mechanics s
This text examines the interaction between blast pressure and surface or underground structures, whether the blast is from civilian, military, dust and natural explosions, or any other source.
This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations and applications in the field of cable dynamics and aerodynamics, as presented by leading researchers and engineers at the 3rd International Symposium on Dynamics and Aerodynamics of Cables (ISDAC), held in Rome, Italy on June 15-17, 2023. The contributions encompass topics such as nonlinear cable dynamics, cable structures and moving cables, cable aging, fatigue, degradation and failure mechanisms, laboratory testing of cable dynamics and aerodynamics, computational models for cable dynamics and fluid-structure interaction, cable vibration control, cable driven parallel manipulators, monitoring of cable performance, environmental and anthropic loads on cable structures. The contributions, which were selected through a rigorous international peer-review process, share exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.
Human error is implicated in nearly all aviation accidents, yet most investigation and prevention programs are not designed around any theoretical framework of human error. Appropriate for all levels of expertise, the book provides the knowledge and tools required to conduct a human error analysis of accidents, regardless of operational setting (i.e. military, commercial, or general aviation). The book contains a complete description of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), which incorporates James Reason's model of latent and active failures as a foundation. Widely disseminated among military and civilian organizations, HFACS encompasses all aspects of human error, including the conditions of operators and elements of supervisory and organizational failure. It attracts a very broad readership. Specifically, the book serves as the main textbook for a course in aviation accident investigation taught by one of the authors at the University of Illinois. This book will also be used in courses designed for military safety officers and flight surgeons in the U.S. Navy, Army and the Canadian Defense Force, who currently utilize the HFACS system during aviation accident investigations. Additionally, the book has been incorporated into the popular workshop on accident analysis and prevention provided by the authors at several professional conferences world-wide. The book is also targeted for students attending Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University which has satellite campuses throughout the world and offers a course in human factors accident investigation for many of its majors. In addition, the book will be incorporated into courses offered by Transportation Safety International and the Southern California Safety Institute. Finally, this book serves as an excellent reference guide for many safety professionals and investigators already in the field.
This report provides guidance for the selection, use, and maintenance of cable barrier systems. While cable barrier systems have been in use for more than 70 years, their use has been on the rise and is expected to continue in the future. The increase in use of cable barrier systems has been attributed to the success rate in keeping vehicles from crossing the median, reducing roadway departures, and decreasing impact severity. Due to advancements in cable barrier system technology, installation and repair costs are lower and cable barrier use has increased in varying roadway environments. Safety studies, although limited, have shown that cable barriers help reduce those median cross-over collisions that lead to some of the most severe head-on type crashes. This document will be of particular interest to design, maintenance, traffic, and safety engineering professionals.