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It is estimated that literally billions of residents in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation systems (e.g. various types of latrines and septic tanks). Until recently, the management of faecal sludge from these onsite systems has been grossly neglected, partially as a result of them being considered temporary solutions until sewer-based systems could be implemented. However, the perception of onsite or decentralized sanitation technologies for urban areas is gradually changing, and is increasingly being considered as long-term, sustainable options in urban areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries that lack sewer infrastructures. This is the first book dedicated to faecal sludge management. It compiles the current state of knowledge of the rapidly evolving field of faecal sludge management, and presents an integrated approach that includes technology, management, and planning based on Sandecs 20 years of experience in the field. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, and the current state of knowledge of treatment options, to the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. The book also presents important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, and engineers and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.
This book is an introduction to differential manifolds. It gives solid preliminaries for more advanced topics: Riemannian manifolds, differential topology, Lie theory. It presupposes little background: the reader is only expected to master basic differential calculus, and a little point-set topology. The book covers the main topics of differential geometry: manifolds, tangent space, vector fields, differential forms, Lie groups, and a few more sophisticated topics such as de Rham cohomology, degree theory and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for surfaces. Its ambition is to give solid foundations. In particular, the introduction of “abstract” notions such as manifolds or differential forms is motivated via questions and examples from mathematics or theoretical physics. More than 150 exercises, some of them easy and classical, some others more sophisticated, will help the beginner as well as the more expert reader. Solutions are provided for most of them. The book should be of interest to various readers: undergraduate and graduate students for a first contact to differential manifolds, mathematicians from other fields and physicists who wish to acquire some feeling about this beautiful theory. The original French text Introduction aux variétés différentielles has been a best-seller in its category in France for many years. Jacques Lafontaine was successively assistant Professor at Paris Diderot University and Professor at the University of Montpellier, where he is presently emeritus. His main research interests are Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, including some aspects of mathematical relativity. Besides his personal research articles, he was involved in several textbooks and research monographs.
Aeronomy, Part A is an attempt to make a comprehensive exposition of the processes in aeronomy, the study of composition, movement, and thermal balance of the upper regions of the planetary atmosphere. The text covers topics such as atmospheric regions and atmospheric density, the temperature and molecular mass of the atmosphere; the permanent constituents and the molecular and isotonic composition of the homosphere; and the transition from the homosphere to the heterosphere. Also covered are topics such as the temperature gradient and energies in the thermosphere, conditions at 200km and above 250km, solar radiation and ionization, and aeronomic reactions. The book is recommended for scientists, especially natural physicists, who would like to know more about the field of aeronomy and its advances.
This is a practical handbook providing a step-by-step approach to the techniques used for characterizing wastewater sources and investigating sites where collection, treatment and reuse/disposal technologies will be installed. It is intended to help enable local implementation of on-site and decentralized wastewater management system (DWMS)for wide scale use in development settings. How to Design Wastewater Systems for Local Conditions in Developing Countries helps local service providers and regulatory officials make informed decisions through the use of tools, checklists and case studies. It includes a link to a web based community of on-site and decentralized wastewater professionals, which contains related tools and case studies. This handbook serves as a reference for training classes, certification programs, and higher education programs in civil and sanitary engineering. There is an increasing interest on the part of local government officials and private sector service providers to implement wastewater treatment systems to solve sanitation problems. The model presented in this handbook promotes activities that first generate data related to source and site conditions that represent critical inputs, and then applies this information to the technology selection process. Matching the most appropriate technologies to the specific needs of the wastewater project is the key that leads to long term sustainability. How to Design Wastewater Systems for Local Conditions in Developing Countries is an invaluable resource for public sector decision makers and private sector service providers in developing countries. It is also a useful text for students at engineering colleges in developing countries interested in taking a class that teaches the methods of decentralized wastewater management system (DWMS) development.
Le présent ouvrage répond à un objectif précis : être un outil efficace pour ceux qui sont confrontés à des textes en anglais scientifique. Minimum Competence in Scientific English suppose, pour ses utilisateurs, des prérequis de niveau baccalauréat. Il peut être utilisé en autoformation. Les étudiants scientifiques sont évidemment les premiers concernés, mais l'expérience a démontré que les chercheurs, les ingénieurs, les enseignants, les managers, confrontés aux subtilités de l'anglais scientifique écrit, étaient demandeurs de tels ouvrages.
La série Fiabilité des systèmes multiphysiques s’intéresse aux avancées de la recherche et de l’industrie appliquées aux domaines de l’optimisation, de la fiabilité et de la prise en compte des incertitudes des systèmes. Ce couplage est à la base de la compétitivité des entreprises dans les secteurs de l’automobile, de l’aéronautique, du génie civil ou de la défense. L’« interaction fluide-structure » regroupe l'étude de tous les phénomènes présentant le couplage du mouvement d'une structure avec celui d'un fluide. La gamme des phénomènes étudiés est très étendue, allant de l'étude de cylindres ou structures vibrants dans des écoulements à des phénomènes de surface libre dans des réservoirs. Cet ouvrage présente les différents aspects de l’interaction fluidestructure (vibroacoustique et aérodynamique) ainsi que les différentes méthodes utilisées afin de réaliser des simulations numériques. S’appuyant sur deux logiciels, Ansys pour le calcul des structures et Fluent pour le calcul des fluides, il traite de la réduction du modèle couplé fluide-structure et de ses incertitudes, ainsi que de l’aspect optimisation couplée à la fiabilité (RBDO). Accompagné d’exemples détaillés, Interactions fluide-structure et incertitudes présente les outils récents de conception les plus performants. Il s’adresse aux étudiants et élèves ingénieurs et constitue un support précieux pour les ingénieurs en activité et les enseignantschercheurs.