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Homesickness today is dismissed as a sign of immaturity, what children feel at summer camp, but in the nineteenth century it was recognized as a powerful emotion. When gold miners in California heard the tune "Home, Sweet Home," they sobbed. When Civil War soldiers became homesick, army doctors sent them home, lest they die. Such images don't fit with our national mythology, which celebrates the restless individualism of colonists, explorers, pioneers, soldiers, and immigrants who supposedly left home and never looked back. Using letters, diaries, memoirs, medical records, and psychological studies, this wide-ranging book uncovers the profound pain felt by Americans on the move from the country's founding until the present day. Susan Matt shows how colonists in Jamestown longed for and often returned to England, African Americans during the Great Migration yearned for their Southern homes, and immigrants nursed memories of Sicily and Guadalajara and, even after years in America, frequently traveled home. These iconic symbols of the undaunted, forward-looking American spirit were often homesick, hesitant, and reluctant voyagers. National ideology and modern psychology obscure this truth, portraying movement as easy, but in fact Americans had to learn how to leave home, learn to be individualists. Even today, in a global society that prizes movement and that condemns homesickness as a childish emotion, colleges counsel young adults and their families on how to manage the transition away from home, suburbanites pine for their old neighborhoods, and companies take seriously the emotional toll borne by relocated executives and road warriors. In the age of helicopter parents and boomerang kids, and the new social networks that sustain connections across the miles, Americans continue to assert the significance of home ties. By highlighting how Americans reacted to moving farther and farther from their roots, Homesickness: An American History revises long-held assumptions about home, mobility, and our national identity.
In the closing days of the 20th century, author Daniel Pawley discovered a Norwegian-American immigrant’s diary from a century earlier while browsing for old books at a Minnesota garage sale. With fascination, he read the diary from cover to cover, turned the experience into a prize-winning magazine article, and then filed it away in memory. More than two decades later, however, as an immigrant himself, from America to Portugal, he rediscovered the diary and his original notes, marveling at topics and themes all immigrants have in common. Both the excitement and insecurity of transitioning to a new culture and way of life stood out to him, even though the original diary told the story of a man whose life was characterized by far greater problems experienced by immigrants to America in earlier times. The daily torture of pre-labor-union industrial life, as well as the tragedies of family rearing amid poor economic conditions, stand out in this regard, raising questions about America’s past, present, and perhaps future, too. This is a story worth revisiting by all who have interests in America or immigration and by anyone who has felt trapped by circumstances but energized by life-changing journeys of hope and promise.
Includes subject section, name section, and 1968-1970, technical reports.
America is a mobile nation and frequent relocation is a way of life for many corporate families. This qualitative review of literature relating to the sociological impact of relocation on the corporate family appears to show that relocation has short-term and long-term implications for the family system. Relocation is not an isolated event but a process of adjustment over time involving emotional stages similar to the stages of grief and loss. Each family member may experience the relocation differently and progress through the stages at a different rate. This creates a period of disorganization and disorientation for the family similar to a prolonged jet-lag, which I call Relo-Lag™. This period of adjustment for the family system is the most frequently cited short-term effect and can last up to two years. Frequent relocations may also precipitate a long-term effect by causing the family system to become too tightly closed. The family may not seek outside help when needed or accept it when offered. Individual family members may experience difficulty with long-term close friendships and relationships outside the family. In addition, children appear to be particularly vulnerable when relocating during the individuation stages, years 3-5 and adolescence, years 13-16. Not all families experience relocation negatively and some families cope well with relocation. Relocation can improve career and financial opportunities for some corporate families, but there may be emotional costs that need to be considered before making a decision to relocate. *Relo-Lag is a Trademark of Barbara W. Cummings, all rights reserved.
First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.