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The optically pumped laser has made an enormous contribution to research in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum known as the far infrared, or submillimetre region. I hope that this book will be useful to both practising and prospective workers in the field, since it contains an up-to-date catalogue of measurements of the main properties of submillimetre lasers as well as an introductory review of the measurement techniques themselves. Wavelength and frequency measurements have been exhaustively compiled (in Part II of this book) along with molecule and pump identification. Part I contains a short review of the relevant measurement techniques in each of these areas and, in addition, a review of power measurements. Working in this field, as in any other, one's satisfaction is determined largely by the colleagues one has and the friends one makes along the way. I am very grateful to Dr G. Dodel, Dr L. C. Robinson and Dr G. F. Brand for introducing me to the field. Dr I. S. Falconer and Dr P. A. Krug have been good colleagues and friends. For this book in particular I am grateful to Dr Dodel, Dr K. M. Evenson, Dr H. Figger, Prof. M. Fourrier, P. Kempf, Dr K. J. Siemsen and Dr M. S. Tobin for their comments, and to Dr D. J. E. Knight for a great deal of help, including data from unpublished or obscure sources which he had gathered for his own compilation.
Infrared and Millimeter Waves is a series of books that compiles the work of several authors, with each volume focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. Organized into seven chapters, the book discusses topics that are relevant to submillimeter techniques. The first chapter is a review of submillimeter and short millimeter wave-detection techniques. The next chapter covers the optimization of Schottky-barrier diodes, and the following chapter covers pyroelectricity. The fourth chapter covers photon drag, while the fifth chapter covers electrically excited submillimeter-wave lasers. The sixth and seventh chapters discuss submillimeter magneto spectroscopy and cyclotron resonance, respectively. This book will be of great use to researchers and professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.
This book represents a compendium of the twenty most useful far-infrared (or submillimeter) lasers. In the case of each laser described here, we have been fortunate to have the author who is the pioneer and acknowledged authority describe the principles of operation and to prepare the list of emission lines. Until these lasers were developed during the past decade, the submillimeter range of the spectrum has been almost barren due to lack of sources of radiation. The lasers described here remain the only practical, powerful source of radiation between the wavelengths of one millimeter and ten micrometers. Many hundreds of emission lines have been listed here, some providing hundreds of kilowatts of peak power in pulsed operation, others providing many tens of milliwatts of continuous power. The hundreds of wavelengths of the emission lines are so closely spaced in the wavelength range between one millimeter and one-tenth millimeter that this source of radiation can be considered to be step-tunable. Of course, labora tory scientists still depend upon the black body source (mercury vapor lamp) and the Fourier transform spectrometer to provide con tinuous spectra, but for this we must deal with true energy starva tion at the sub-microwatt level. This critical review can be expected to serve as a handbook for decades in the future because it contains descriptions of fundamen tal principles and listings of fundamental physical data.
This book represents a compendium of the twenty most useful far-infrared (or submillimeter) lasers. In the case of each laser described here, we have been fortunate to have the author who is the pioneer and acknowledged authority describe the principles of operation and to prepare the list of emission lines. Until these lasers were developed during the past decade, the submillimeter range of the spectrum has been almost barren due to lack of sources of radiation. The lasers described here remain the only practical, powerful source of radiation between the wavelengths of one millimeter and ten micrometers. Many hundreds of emission lines have been listed here, some providing hundreds of kilowatts of peak power in pulsed operation, others providing many tens of milliwatts of continuous power. The hundreds of wavelengths of the emission lines are so closely spaced in the wavelength range between one millimeter and one-tenth millimeter that this source of radiation can be considered to be step-tunable. Of course, labora tory scientists still depend upon the black body source (mercury vapor lamp) and the Fourier transform spectrometer to provide con tinuous spectra, but for this we must deal with true energy starva tion at the sub-microwatt level. This critical review can be expected to serve as a handbook for decades in the future because it contains descriptions of fundamen tal principles and listings of fundamental physical data.
The construction of two HCN lasers is described. These lasers, operating in the submillimeter wavelength region, have been used for linewidth and stability investigations. Laser oscillations have been observed for H2O at 118.65 microns wavelength. The HCN lines at 337 microns and 311 microns have been observed and beat against phase-locked harmonics of a 5 MHz frequency standard. A linewidth of approximately 280 kHz has been measured for the 337 micron line. Variations of the laser parameters have been made to observe the effect on laser action. One of the HCN lasers is being prepared for experiments on locking the laser to a frequency standard. Terminating investigations on the H2S millimeter wavelength molecular beam system as a frequency standard are discussed.
This volume represents the most complete, up-to-date compilation of wavelengths of lasers in all media. Divided by type - solid, liquid, and gas - and listed in order of increasing wavelength, Handbook of Laser Wavelengths includes: crystalline paramagnetic ion lasers glass lasers color center lasers semiconductor lasers polymer lasers liquid and solid-state dye lasers rare earth liquid lasers neutral atom, ion, and molecular gas lasers extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray lasers free electron lasers nuclear-pumped lasers lasers in nature lasers without inversion Brief descriptions of each type of laser are presented, followed by tables listing the laser wavelength, lasing element or medium, host, transition, and primary literature citations. A special section on commercial lasers is an added featured. Handbook of Laser Wavelengths singularly serves as the essential reference for scientists and engineers searching for laser sources for specific applications as well as a survey of the developments that have occurred since the advent of the laser.
This volume represents the most complete, up-to-date compilation of wavelengths of lasers in all media. Divided by type - solid, liquid, and gas - and listed in order of increasing wavelength, Handbook of Laser Wavelengths includes: crystalline paramagnetic ion lasers glass lasers color center lasers semiconductor lasers polymer lasers liquid and solid-state dye lasers rare earth liquid lasers neutral atom, ion, and molecular gas lasers extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray lasers free electron lasers nuclear-pumped lasers lasers in nature lasers without inversion Brief descriptions of each type of laser are presented, followed by tables listing the laser wavelength, lasing element or medium, host, transition, and primary literature citations. A special section on commercial lasers is an added featured. Handbook of Laser Wavelengths singularly serves as the essential reference for scientists and engineers searching for laser sources for specific applications as well as a survey of the developments that have occurred since the advent of the laser.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy has become an indispensable tool in surface analysis. Although the basic physics of this technique is well understood, instrument design has previously largely been left to intuition. This book is the first to provide a comprehensive treatment of the electron optics involved in the production of intense monochromatic beams and the detection of scattered electrons. It includes a full three-dimensional analysis of the electron optical properties of electron emission systems, monochromators and lens systems, placing particular emphasis on the procedures for matching the various components. The description is kept mathematically simple and focuses on practical aspects, with many hints for writing computer codes to calculate and optimize electrostatic lens elements.
Since the invention of the first laser 30 years ago, the frequency conversion of laser radiation in nonlinear optical crystals has become an important technique widely used in quantum electronics and laser physics for solving various scientific and engineering problems. The fundamental physics of three-wave light interactions in nonlinear optical crystals is now largely understood. This has enabled the production of the various harmonic generators, sum and difference frequency generators, and parametric oscillators based on nonlinear crystals that are now commercially available. At the same time, scientists continue an active search for novel high-efficiency optical materials. Therefore, in our opinion, there is a great need for a handbook of nonlinear optical crystals, intended for specialists and practitioners with an engineering background. This book contains a complete description of the properties and applications of all nonlinear crystals reported in the literature up to the beginning of 1990. In addition, it contains the most important equations for calculating the main parameters (such as phase-matching direction, effective non-linearity, and conversion efficiency) of nonlinear frequency converters.
The aim of this book is to present the theory of image and contrast formation and the analytical modes in transmission electron microscopy. The principles of particle and wave optics of electrons are described. Electron-specimen interactions are discussed for evaluating the theory of scattering and phase contrast. Also discussed are the kinematical and dynamical theories of electron diffraction and their applications for crystal structure determination and imaging of lattice defects. X-ray microanalysis and energy-loss spectroscopy are treated as analytical methods. The second edition includes discussion of recent progress, especially in the areas of energy-loss spectroscopy, crystal-lattice imaging and reflection electron microscopy.