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To realize fusion plant, the very first step is to understand the fundamental physics of materials under fusion conditions, i.e. to understand fusion plasmas. Our research group, Plasma Diagnostics Group, focuses on developing advanced tools for physicists to extract as much information as possible from fusion plasmas at millions degrees. The Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) diagnostics is a very useful tool invented in this group to study fusion plasma electron temperature and it fluctuations. This dissertation presents millimeter wave imaging technology advances recently developed in this group to improve the ECEI system. New technologies made it more powerful to image and visualize magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) activities and micro-turbulence in fusion plasmas.Topics of particular emphasis start from development of miniaturized elliptical substrate lens array. This novel substrate lens array replaces the previous generation substrate lens, hyper-hemispherical substrate lens, in terms of geometry. From the optical performance perspective, this substitution not only significantly simplifies the optical system with improved optical coupling, but also enhances the RF/LO coupling efficiency. By the benefit of the mini lens focusing properties, a wideband dual-dipole antenna array is carefully designed and developed. The new antenna array is optimized simultaneously for receiving both RF and LO, with sharp radiation patterns, low side-lobe levels, and less crosstalk between adjacent antennas. In addition, a high frequency antenna is also developed, which extends the frequency limit from 145 GHz to 220 GHz. This type of antenna will be used on high field operation tokamaks with toroidal fields in excess of 3 Tesla.Another important technology advance is so-called extended bandwidth double down-conversion electronics. This new electronics extends the instantaneous IF coverage from 2 to 9.2 GHz to 2 to 16.4 GHz. From the plasma point of view, it means that the instantaneous spatial coverage is doubled without compromising the spatial resolution. Other related technology advances, including frequency selective surfaces, beam splitters, ultra wideband baluns, pre-amplification scheme, are addressed in less detail. Finally, the Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) radiometer system on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is discussed.
Recently, there has been a rapid development of phased antenna array (PAA) systems based on low cost MMICs (monolithic microwave integrated circuits). Wideband technology has attracted considerable attention because of its high data-rate transmission capability. An investigation into novel wide band CMOS-based microwave and millimeter wave technologies has been performed in order to develop high performance phased array antenna based transmitter systems for applications including Microwave Imaging Reflectometry (MIR) systems for high temperature plasma diagnostics. This dissertation presents the design and characterization of the individual building blocks for a Ka-Band (26.5 - 40 GHz) PAA system, which includes a wideband feedback amplifier using the 0.18 [mu]m CMOS process, and a true time delay wideband Rotman lens integrated with a wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna array on PCB. A frequency controlled feedback with parasitic cancellation technique has been employed in the amplifier design to overcome the inherent 0.18 [mu]m CMOS process limitations, thereby boosting the high-frequency response. In addition, a gain response superposition concept has been adopted to obtain a flat gain response with a compact size. This amplifier achieves a peak gain of 23.3 dB at 35.6 GHz, and maintains >16 dB gain over the entire Ka-Band. The output saturation power is 10.1 dBm. An 11-in, 9-out microstrip Rotman Lens with 30° steering angle (6° step) has been designed and implemented. A novel analytical modeling in Matlab enables fast prototyping. EM simulation has been carried out in CST afterwards. To ensure wideband operation, an antipodal Vivaldi antenna array with unbalanced microstrip line feed has been designed and integrated with the Rotman Lens. In the end, the wideband steering has been successfully demonstrated during the measurement. The analytical and experimental results of the above designs provide guidance toward the development of a new PAA system for future use in MIR systems with significantly enhanced performance.
Clean and inexhaustible energy has long been a dream for the human race, especially over the last few decades with the ever increasing energy consumption requirements and severe environmental problems associated with the use of traditional fossil fuels. Fusion energy stands out among the possible candidates for its self-sustainability and environmentally friendly nature. To realize that on our planet, the tokamak (toroidal chamber with magnetic coils), which is a magnetically confined "donut" shaped device, was invented in the 1950s by Soviet physicists Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm and Andrei Sakharov and has become the dominant approach of fusion energy research. However, the physics inside the tokamak is extremely complicated and it is difficult to make measurements inside due to the high temperature plasma. Therefore, millimeter wave imaging systems for remote measurements have been developed to make the physics visible to fusion scientists. Currently, there are two types of imaging systems under development and application by UC Davis: Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) and Microwave Imaging Reflectometry (MIR), both of which have been successfully applied to various tokamaks. However, there are still more improvements and upgrades needed for the current systems. In this dissertation, the author will focus on two aspects of the system improvement: wider bandwidth design and higher frequency operation.In the first part, a Coplanar Stripline (CPS) to Microstrip balun and a Conductor Backed Coplanar Waveguide (CBCPW) to Microstrip transition has been designed to widen the IF bandwidth of the current ECEI system. Both the balun and the transition feature wide bandwidth, low loss, and compact size. With the help of these improvements, the IF bandwidth can be successfully extended to 2~26.5 GHz.In the second part, the author focused on the high frequency operation of the ECEI system. As the operation frequency increases with higher magnetic field, finding a high frequency, high power LO source is becoming a major stumbling block. Thus, a higher frequency receiver operating both harmonically and subharmonically is proposed, investigated, and designed to lower the required LO frequency to only half of the RF frequency. Three types of higher frequency receivers have been designed: Single ultra wideband antenna topology, cross-polarized antenna topology, and dual-plane antenna topology. Each of them will be discussed in detail. The major concepts and design efforts are summarized as: looking for higher frequency, wide bandwidth antennas, eliminating the interference between antennas, and optimization of mixer input/output networks. Different types of antennas have been designed and tested; two methods have been proposed to eliminate the antenna interference; and the mixer input/output networks have been designed carefully. The designed higher frequency receiver can successfully operate at RF frequency of 150--170 GHz with an LO source at 75 GHz.
Filling a gap in the literature, this introduction to the topic covers the physics of the standard microwave diagnostics established on modern fusion experiments, and the necessary technological background from the field of microwave engineering. Written by well-known mm-wave diagnosticians in the field of fusion physics, the textbook includes such major diagnostic techniques as electron cyclotron emission, interferometry, reflectometry, polarimetry, and scattering.
This book explains one of the hottest topics in wireless and electronic devices community, namely the wireless communication at mmWave frequencies, especially at the 60 GHz ISM band. It provides the reader with knowledge and techniques for mmWave antenna design, evaluation, antenna and chip packaging. Addresses practical engineering issues such as RF material evaluation and selection, antenna and packaging requirements, manufacturing tolerances, antenna and system interconnections, and antenna One of the first books to discuss the emerging research and application areas, particularly chip packages with integrated antennas, wafer scale mmWave phased arrays and imaging Contains a good number of case studies to aid understanding Provides the antenna and packaging technologies for the latest and emerging applications with the emphases on antenna integrations for practical applications such as wireless USB, wireless video, phase array, automobile collision avoidance radar, and imaging