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Justice in Arms brings to life a fascinating and important element of Australia’s legal history — the role of Army legal officers in Australia and in expeditionary operations from the Boer War until 2000. This is a comprehensive and absorbing history which describes the dynamic interaction of institutional and political imperatives and the personalities who managed this interaction over the decades. It is populated by colourful characters and legal luminaries and demonstrates that military justice is rightly concerned with discipline and cohesiveness. Reflecting broader societal norms, it is also concerned with the rule of law and respect for the rights, liberties and fair treatment of those who serve in the armed forces. Justice in Arms describes the extraordinary contribution of Army legal officers to both the profession of arms and the development of the law, charting the evolving personal and structural relationships between Army legal officers and command dictated by the changing legal needs of the Army and the broader Australian Defence Force. Today Army legal officers apply, adapt and shape the law to meet evolving needs in peacetime and during armed conflict and peace operations, ensuring the legitimacy of military action and the maintenance of domestic and international support for national objectives.
A recognised expert on military call-out law, Associate Professor Michael Head, examines the troop call-out legislation introduced in 2000 and 2006, and reviews the ongoing Constitutional and legal uncertainties.This book raises a number of crucial issues that have received little public attention. The Australian Defence Force can be deployed on such vague grounds as 'domestic violence' and 'Commonwealth interests'. Military commanders are given sweeping powers, including to use lethal force, shoot down civilian aircraft, interrogate people, raid premises and seize documents.Furthermore, other powers may still exist - under the common law or the Australian Constitution - to invoke 'military aid to civil power' or even martial law. The Governor-General remains the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, and the vice-regal powers over the military are unclear.While this book will be of particular interest to students, scholars and practitioners of law, as well as military lawyers and experts, it is also directed to members of the public, with the aim of stimulating much-needed debate.Part One reviews the contours, context and historical origins of the callout laws, and the underlying militarisation of aspects of society. Part Two examines the details of the laws and explores the legal and Constitutional questions. Part Three outlines the global parallels and probes the political implications.
Civil-military relations establishes the civilian control over the military to protect democratic values. This book argues analysis of the CMR is distorted by the absence of consideration of the judicial arm, with the ‘civil’ seen as referring only to the executive and/or legislature. The civil courts approach to military discipline and the impact that has for CMR within — the United Kingdom, United States and Australia is investigated. The author concludes that by including the courts in the development of CMR theory militarisation of the civilian domain is discouraged. A paradigm shift acknowledging the fundamental role of all three organs of government in liberal democracies, for control of States’ power is essential for genuine civilian oversight.
The exercise of public power by the military in civilian Western democracies such as Australia and the United States demonstrates a tendency toward diminished responsibility for moral behavior. Pauline Collins argues that a different system of military criminal investigation and discipline outside the civilian justice system enables the military to operate like a coterie and can lead to a failure in the requisite moral standard of behavior required of military personnel and maintaining civilian institutional control. Collins argues that the justifications for separate treatment weakens both the military reputation and the practice of civilian control of the military as well as leading to an overall decline in morality and values in a democratic society.
This document has been produced by the Australian Defence Force's Military Law Centre. The primary goals of the Centre are to create an institution for the promotion of greater understanding of, and increased respect for, the rule of law in all aspects of military affairs, both within the ADF and within defence forces throughout the Asia-Pacific region. It is also intended to promote interoperability on operations law matters with allies and partners in the region. It is anticipated that the creation of the Centre in pursuit of these primary goals will ensure that the Australian Defence Force (ADF) is better trained and more thoroughly prepared in Military Law matters and that the centre will greatly assist constructive engagement between the ADF and regional militaries.
Military justice is changing rapidly due to both domestic and international influences. This book explains what is happening and why.