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Pressing performance demands require next-generation biosensors to detect target chemical and biological molecules with higher sensitivity, shorter response times, and lower detection limit. Micro- and nanoscale devices are attractive for a wide range of biosensor applications since at small scale, in addition to being more compact, the device may exhibit improved performance. The benefits include minimization of tissue damage for implantable devices, improved spatial resolution and sensitivity, as well as increased surface charge to mass ratio, which is important for the performance of our novel technology for nucleic acid detection described below. Borrowing from the processing technologies used in the semiconductor industry, we implemented micromachining techniques to fabricate devices at both the micro- and nanoscale. In this dissertation, we present our work on the fabrication and characterization of two next-generation biosensors. The first device we fabricated is a sequence-specific nucleic acid sensor based on the blockage of a nanopore. Current methods for nucleic acid detection generally rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent labeling, however, these methods render the devices slow, expensive, complex, and bulky. In order to address these limitations, a new sensor was fabricated from a single glass wafer, consisting of a glass nanopore in a thin glass membrane. For nanopore sensing, low frequency noise is critical since it limits the discrimination of signal change based on target analyte movement from the fluctuation of noise. To further our understanding of nanopores, we observed how different pore geometries affect noise characteristics, and then compared this newly developed glass nanopore to conventional Si-based nanopores. Based on the analysis, low-noise glass nanopores, suitable for sequence-specific nucleic acid detection, were fabricated. By scaling down the pore diameter to the nano-regime, 1 aM detection of 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli was demonstrated even in the presence of a million-fold background of RNA from Pseudomona putida. This new platform for the PCR-free, optics-free, label-free sequence-specific nucleic acid detection shows the potential to detect pathogens in body fluids, food, or water. In addition, we developed a new method to transfer enzyme to a microelectrode array on an implantable microprobe, which enables fabrication of better performing microprobes for the sensing of multiple neurochemicals in vivo. Monitoring the release of neurotransmitters in real-time offers valuable information necessary to understand neurological disorders and abnormal behaviors. We employed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamping to transfer enzyme onto microelectrode array microprobes. A model enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOx), was stamped onto the surface of disk electrodes to test the feasibility of PDMS stamping for biosensor fabrication. The model sensor showed a good combination of performance (29 A/mM cm2 sensitivity and 4 M detection limit) proving that PDMS stamping offers a simple and cost-effective enzyme deposition method for construction of electroenzymatic sensors. The next step was to add an alignment function to PDMS stamping to create microprobes with dual sensing (glucose and choline) capabilities for in vivo applications. Two different enzymes, GOx and choline oxidase (ChOx), were selectively transferred onto specific sites in a 4 microelectrode array by PDMS stamping with alignment using a microscope and a custom-built stage. The dual sensor showed improved consistency and performance including sensitivity to choline and to glucose (286 and 117 A/mM cm2, respectively) as well as low detection limits (3 and 1 M, respectively). This work demonstrated the ability to immobilize specific enzymes on selected microelectrodes in an array to give a high performance microprobe for simultaneous sensing of two analytes for neuroscience application.
This book shows an update in the field of micro/nano fabrications techniques of two and three dimensional structures as well as ultimate three dimensional characterization methods from the atom range to the micro scale. Several examples are presented showing their direct application in different technological fields such as microfluidics, photonics, biotechnology and aerospace engineering, between others. The effects of the microstructure and topography on the macroscopic properties of the studied materials are discussed, together with a detailed review of 3D imaging techniques.
Quantum Sensing at the Interface of Nanotechnology Integrated Microfluidics provides broad multidisciplinary coverage of innovative quantum sensing technologies suitable to industries in the engineering, biomedical, healthcare and environmental sectors. Sections discuss emerging quantum sensing and with an introduction to microfluidic devices, smart sensors, the role of nanotechnology, smart sensing, and the role of quantum technology and artificial intelligence for nano-enabled microfluidics. Sensing technologies and nano-enabled microfluidics and their biomedical and industrial applications are explored. This will be a useful resource for those in research and industry interested in biotechnology, nanotechnology, sensing technology and their applications in multidisciplinary fields. Provides an introduction to the types of microfluidic devices, smart sensors, and the role of nanotechnology Covers smart sensing for multidisciplinary sectors Explores the challenges and prospects of nano-microfluidics systems
This book reviews applications of nanomaterial and nanodevices in the food industry. It also discusses the advanced bioanalytical techniques, including Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), immunoanalytical techniques, and monoclonal antibody-based immunological techniques for detecting food adulterations and allergens. It comprehensively covers electrode modification and nano-engineered fabrication of biosensors to enhance their functionalities for utilization in food industries. The book highlights the utilization of nanobiosensors for food safety and quality analysis, such as detection of toxin, food-borne pathogen, allergen, evaluation of toxicity etc. Further, it also summarizes the recent advances in nanodevices such as nano-systems, nano-emulsions, nanopesticides, and nanocapsules and their applications in the food industry. Lastly, it covers nanomaterial-based sensors for drug analysis in diverse matrices. It serves as an invaluable source of information for professionals, researchers, academicians, and students related to food science and technology.
This book explains biosensor development fundamentals. It also initiates awareness in engineers and scientists who would like to develop and implement novel biosensors for agriculture, biomedicine, homeland security, environmental needs, and disease identification. In addition, the book introduces and lays the basic foundation for design, fabrication, testing, and implementation of next generation biosensors through hands-on learning.
Nanomaterials for Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications provides a detailed summary of the main nanomaterials used in biosensing and their application. It covers recent developments in nanomaterials for the fabrication of biosensor devices for healthcare diagnostics, food freshness and bioprocessing. The various processes used for synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials are examined, along with the design and fabrication of bioelectronic devices using nanostructured materials as building blocks. Users will find the fundamentals of the main nanomaterials used in biosensing, helping them visualize a systematic and coherent picture of how nanomaterials are used in biosensors. The book also addresses the role of bio-conjugation of nanomaterials in the construction of nano-biointerfaces for application in biosensors. Such applications, including metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers and plasmonic nanostructures in biosensing are discussed relative to each nanomaterial concerned. Finally, recent advancements in protein functionalized nanomaterials for cancer diagnostics and bio-imaging are also included. Provides a detailed study on how nanomaterials are used to enhance sensing capabilities in biosensors Explains the properties, characterization methods and preparation techniques of the nanomaterials used in biosensing Arranged in a material-by-material way, making it clear how each nanomaterial should be used
This tutorial book offers an in-depth overview of the fundamental principles of micro/nano technologies and devices related to sensing, actuation and diagnosis in fluidics and biosystems. Research in the MEMS/NEMS and lab-on-chip fields has seen rapid growth in both academic and industrial domains, as these biodevices and systems are increasingly replacing traditional large size diagnostic tools. This book is unique in describing not only the devices and technologies but also the basic principles of their operation. The comprehensive description of the fabrication, packaging and principles of micro/nano biosystems presented in this book offers guidance for researchers designing and implementing these biosystems across diverse fields including medical, pharmaceutical and biological sciences. The book provides a detailed overview of the fundamental mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic principles involved, together with the technologies required for the design, fabrication and characterization of micro/nano fluidic systems and bio-devices. Written by a collaborative team from France and Korea, the book is suitable for academics, researchers, advanced level students and industrial manufacturers.
This book addresses challenges for the development of a point-of-care-test platform. The book describes printed chip-based assay (Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab-on-a-PCB) for rapid, inexpensive biomarkers detection in real samples. The main challenges of point-of-care testing require implementing complex analytical methods into low-cost technologies. This is particularly true for countries with less developed healthcare infrastructure. Washing-free, Lab-on-Chip, and Lab-on-PCB techniques are very simple and innovative for point-of-care device development. The redox cycling technology detects several interesting targets at the same time on a printed chip. The proposed areas are inherently cross-disciplinary, combining expertise in biosensing, electrochemistry, electronics and electrical engineering, health care, and manufacturing. This book focuses on recent advances and different research issues in the nanobiotechnology-enabled biosensor technology and also seeks out theoretical, methodological, well-established, and validated empirical work dealing with these different topics.
This book explores the potential of nanosystems as a multidisciplinary science with the aim of the design and development of smart sensing technologies using micro/nano electrodes and novel nanosensing material. It discusses their integration with MEMS, miniaturized transduction systems, novel sensing strategies, and wearable sensors performing at POC for diagnostics and personalized health care monitoring. It presents basic concepts pertaining to nanobiosensor fabrication, developments in the field of smart nanomaterials, nano-enabling technologies, micro-nano hybrind platforms, and their applications in healthcare.
Smart and Intelligent Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Biosensors provides an up-to-date review of biosensor development and applications, with a focus on incorporating smart and intelligent nanomaterials for improved outcomes. This book covers a range of smart and intelligent nanomaterials for use in biosensors, including two popular classes: MXenes and carbon-based nanomaterials. Later chapters explore a variety of biosensor applications, such as in biomedicine, agriculture, and environment; the reader is thus able to tailor their materials selection to their needs. Smart and Intelligent Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Biosensors is a useful reference for materials scientists, biomedical engineers, analytical and biochemists with an interest in smart/intelligent nanomaterials for biosensors. Details the properties, characterization, and synthesis of smart and intelligent nanomaterials for use in biosensor technology Explores the potential of MXenes and other carbon-based nanomaterials for application in biosensors Covers a range of biosensor applications, including biomedical, agricultural, environmental, and in the food industry