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Situation assessment provides the basis for decisions by battlefield commanders and their staff during both planning and operations. In previous work, we developed a framework for battlefield commanders' situation assessment from interviews with active-duty command staff and from published work in cognitive psychology. The present report describes methods for training cognitive skills in situation assessment based on that framework. Two training methods have been developed, both of which focus on metacognitive skills involved in verifying and improving assessments and plans. The first method helps officers find and assess the reliability of hidden assumptions. It includes a devils' advocate technique that forces officers to imagine that their assessment is wrong and to explain why, as well as techniques for handling potential problems that are found. The second method helps officers find and resolve conflicting evidence. It includes techniques for trying to explain the conflicting data in terms of the current assessment, evaluating the plausibility of the explanations, and generating alternative assessments. The training techniques have been experimentally tested with active-duty officers, and the results of that testing are described in a companion report.
"Trainers for force on force training exercises at the Army's maneuver combat training centers and at home station are often distracted from coaching and mentoring responsibilities by the need to perform exercise control and feedback (OAF) functions. The fielding of new weapons and reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) systems as part of force modernization will overwhelm trainers with new requirements unless improved concepts for tactical engagement simulation (TES) and instrumentation systems (IS) are implemented. This study produced an online database that was used to assess the benefits of implementing various new TES and IS concepts, or combinations of concepts, in terms of the number of OAF functions automated, the extent to which each function disrupts trainer coaching and mentoring activities, the number of gaps in training feedback addressed, and the number of systems to which each function or feedback gap applies. The TES and IS concepts we evaluated were designed to address the additional goal of avoiding the stove-pipe nature of past systems. The online database can be used to extent%mine the benefits of additional TES and IS concepts. The study sponsor is using the results to define requirements for future TES systems and IS for live training at CTCs and home stations."--DTIC.
This book examines the human factors issues associated with the development, testing, and implementation of helmet-mounted display technology in the 21st Century Land Warrior System. Because the framework of analysis is soldier performance with the system in the full range of environments and missions, the book discusses both the military context and the characteristics of the infantry soldiers who will use the system. The major issues covered include the positive and negative effects of such a display on the local and global situation awareness of the individual soldier, an analysis of the visual and psychomotor factors associated with each design feature, design considerations for auditory displays, and physical sources of stress and the implications of the display for affecting the soldier's workload. The book proposes an innovative approach to research and testing based on a three-stage strategy that begins in the laboratory, moves to controlled field studies, and culminates in operational testing.