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The COVID-19 pandemic is a global human health crisis that is deeply intertwined with the global biodiversity crisis. It originated when a zoonotic virus spilled over from wild animals to humans. Viruses can spread easily in disturbed ecosystems, and with increasing contact between humans and wildlife the risk of contagion grows. Conservation is crucial to reduce the risks of future pandemics, but the current pandemic also impacts on conservation in many ways. In this Briefing Paper we suggest strategies to alleviate the pandemic's adverse effects on conservation in the Global South. Many zoonoses originate there, and livelihoods are strongly dependent on natural resources. The paper considers the pandemic's overarching economic implica-tions for protected and other conserved areas, and specific ramifications for the tourism and wildlife trade sectors, which are closely related to these areas. As economies shrink, natural resources come under pressure from various sides. Financial resources are reallocated from the conservation to the health sector, countries decrease environmental protection standards to boost economic recovery, and poor people in rural regions resort to protected wild resources as a subsistence strategy. Together, these trends speed up the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services and create supportive conditions for the emergence of zoonotic disease and the undermining of livelihoods. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, nature-based tourism was a multi-billion dollar industry, and the temporary breakdown in tourism is having both positive and negative impacts on sustainable development. On the negative side, many people employed in tourism have lost their jobs and livelihoods, and a key source of funding for management of protected areas has been depleted. On the positive side, a temporary decline in tourism has given nature time to recover, and a drop in international flights has lowered global carbon emissions from air travel. The need for the industry to plan its post-COVID outlook offers a chance to promote more community-driven tourism to support inclusion of local people. Wildlife trade - a major spreader of zoonotic viruses - has been banned in response to the pandemic in some countries. Yet social safeguards for local communities dependent on protein from wild animals are still largely missing. Our recommendations to address these challenges are that conservation must remain high on the international agenda, especially in the midst of a global health crisis that could quickly repeat itself if ecosystem destruction continues at the current pace. Environmental legislation must be upheld and funding made available for sustainable livelihoods. The resurgence of nature-based tourism should be supported because of its potential to generate conservation funding and income for local communities. In the meantime, the tourism industry should work on further reducing its environmental footprint and improving community self-determination. Bans on wildlife trade need to be designed in ways that do not undermine communities' need for sources of protein.
COVID-19 in the Environment: Impact, Concerns, and Management of Coronavirus highlights the research and technology addressing COVID-19 in the environment, including the associated fate, transport, and disposal. It examines the impacts of the virus at local, national, and global levels, including both positive and negative environmental impacts and techniques for assessing and managing them. Utilizing case studies, it also presents examples of various issues around handling these impacts, as well as policies and strategies being developed as a result. Organized into six parts, COVID-19 in the Environment begins by presenting the nature of the virus and its transmission in various environmental media, as well as models for reducing the transmission. Section 2 describes methods for monitoring and detecting the virus, whereas Sections 3, 4, and 5 go on to examine the socio-economic impact, the environmental impact and risk, and the waste management impact, respectively. Finally, Section 6 explores the environmental policies and strategies that have comes as a result of COVID-19, the implications for climate change, and what the long-term effects will be on environmental sustainability. Examines the fate, transport, and management of COVID-19 and COVID-19 related waste in the environment Explores a variety of issues related to the environmental handling and impacts of COVID-19, particularly utilizing case studies Offers tools and techniques for assessing real-time environmental issues related to COVID-19
Emphasizes the disturbing consequences poaching and trafficking pose globally in terms of both biodiversity and public health
This study focuses on impacts of the environmental and socio-economic transformation on the indigenous people's livelihoods in Vietnam's Central Highlands recent decades since the country's reunification in 1975. The first empirical section sheds light on multiple external conditions (policy reforms, population trends, and market forces) exposed onto local people. The role of human and social capital is examined again in a specific livelihood of community-based tourism to testify the resilience level of local people when coping with constraints. The study concludes with an outlook on implications of development processed which still places agriculture at the primary position livelihood, and pays attention to human capital and social capital of indigenous groups in these highlands.
Although tourism is being promoted as an effective tool for economic growth and environmental conservation, its actual contributions to sustaining local livelihoods are questionable. Suffering from the parallel impacts of Mekong dams and climate change, local people in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam are struggling to find solutions for their nature-based livelihoods as well as the region's unique ecosystem. Understanding how tourism is evolving within this context is important to justify the actions of key stakeholders and beneficiaries in the ecotourism sector, as is the evaluation of the roles of the government and civil society organisations in securing benefits from tourism for local people and the environment. In an effort to contribute to the limited literature on community-based ecotourism and conservation tourism in the Mekong Delta, this study was carried out to evaluate the development trend of this new sector and local people's position and benefits, and to identify the gaps which need to be filled to ensure a sustainable development pathway. Secondary information was gathered from selected English and Vietnamese publications, and the databases of the Vietnamese government, international non-government organisations, and other non-profit organisations. Primary data was collected through online interviews with different actor groups, including tourism specialists, people working directly in the tourism industry and non-government organisations, journalists, and government agencies, in order to collect up-to-date facts on the development trends, case studies, as well as the stakeholders' views, evaluations, and recommendations. The findings indicate that there has been a significant increase in community-based ecotourism activities and conservation tourism in both quality and quantity, and recognised benefits in terms of income, local empowerment, and environmental protection. While community-based ecotourism has been showing evidence for the theoretical assumptions of tourism's benefits to local livelihoods and the environment, conservation tourism has not proved itself as an effective tool to support conservation activities and reduce the pressure on the natural resources. The analyses also illustrate that this subsector has not yet received enough attention and support from the government and non-government organisations. As tourism development is unavoidable in the Mekong Delta in the broader national context of tourism promotion and local circumstances, only by eliminating poor tourism practices and enhancing the roles of different local stakeholders, especially non-government organisations, can sustainable tourism development be ensured for the benefits of local people and the environment.
The aims of this paper are to identify the feature of local livelihood strategies and LEK in CTBR of Vietnam and to clarify the opportunities as well as challenges for biodiversity conservation. Recommendations are made for biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic development in the area.