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"This book deals with a simple sounding question whether a certain amount of gas can be transported by a given pipeline network. While well studied for a single pipeline, this question gets extremely difficult if we consider a meshed nation wide gas transportation network, taking into account all the technical details and discrete decisions, as well as regulations, contracts, and varying demand. This book describes several mathematical models to answer these questions, discusses their merits and disadvantages, explains the necessary technical and regulatory background, and shows how to solve this question using sophisticated mathematical optimization algorithms."--
This book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of computational engineering, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 26th International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences (ICCES), held in Phuket, Thailand on January 6-10, 2021. ICCES covers all aspects of applied sciences and engineering: theoretical, analytical, computational, and experimental studies and solutions of problems in the physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical, and mathematical sciences. As such, the book discusses highly diverse topics, including composites; bioengineering & biomechanics; geotechnical engineering; offshore & arctic engineering; multi-scale & multi-physics fluid engineering; structural integrity & longevity; materials design & simulation; and computer modeling methods in engineering. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.
This book is concerned with the steady state hydraulics of natural gas and other compressible fluids being transported through pipelines. Our main approach is to determine the flow rate possible and compressor station horsepower required within the limitations of pipe strength, based on the pipe materials and grade. It addresses the scenarios where one or more compressors may be required depending on the gas flow rate and if discharge cooling is needed to limit the gas temperatures. The book is the result of over 38 years of the authors' experience on pipelines in North and South America while working for major energy companies such as ARCO, El Paso Energy, etc.
Abstract The whole supply chain of natural gas, from the gas well through several kinds of elements to final customers, creates an integrated and complex network system. Such complex systems in Europe are owned and operated by different companies. The legal framework of liberalization of the energy markets requires gas network operators to publish flow capacities at their entry and exit stations. In combination with publicly available knowledge about the gas transportation infrastructures, an overall hydraulic simulation of the gas flows over Germany and Europe becomes possible. Considering the logistics and integrity of the natural gas supply system, it is obvious that such models are significant to present the overall gas flow, assess detailed infrastructures and analyze emergency situations based on national or European levels and from a technical point of view. In this thesis, the author depicts the workflow and methodologies of modeling such large scale and complex gas grids, using the German H-gas system as an example. The established model is able to simulate the major gas transmission systems in Germany, with consideration of the storage facilities. The modeling work is described in this thesis from three major aspects: the creation of network topology, the definition of simulation scenarios and the methodologies for capacity calculations. The author further explains in detail the integration of available databases and some simplification and assumption approaches developed for the modeling work. By investigating on German gas consumption sectors and gas demand behaviors over years, various scenarios are defined and simulated. Through the simulations, the technical potentials for both individual entry / exit points and the nationwide grid can be analyzed. The investigation in this thesis also illustrates several case studies to technically evaluate new infrastructures and German “energy transformation” technologies (e.g. synthetic methane from "Power–to–Gas" projects and “Nuclear Moratorium”). Some bottleneck areas in the existing gas transmission system under such newly developed conditions are presented in the model, which could provide good reference information for future pipeline grid extension and facilities enhancement. Kurzfassung Die Transportkette von Erdgas stellt vom Bohrloch bis zu den Endkunden ein integriertes und komplexes Netzwerk aus verschiedenen Systemelementen dar, das in Europa von verschiedenen Unternehmen betrieben wird. Der Rechtsrahmen, der durch die Liberalisierung der Energiemärkte stark geändert wurde, verlangt von diesen Gasnetzbetreibern, die Durchflusskapazitäten an den Ein- und Ausspeisepunkten ihrer Leitungen zu veröffentlichen. Zusammen mit weiteren öffentlich verfügbaren Daten über die Erdgas-Infrastruktur wird eine unternehmensübergreifende hydraulische Simulation des gesamten Netzes möglich. Mit diesem Modell können die gesamten Gasnetzflüsse der integrierten Gastransportkette dargestellt, Bestandteile der Infrastruktur detailliert bewertet und die Auswirkungen von Versorgungsstörungen auf nationaler oder europäischer Ebene aus technischer Sicht bewertet werden. Anhand des deutschen H-Gasnetzes als BeispieI beschreibt der Autor in dieser Arbeit das Vorgehen und die Methoden, um ein großes und komplexes Gasnetz zu modellieren. Das Modell beschreibt das Transportnetz unter Einbeziehung der Erdgas-Speicherstandorte. Das Vorgehen wird in der Arbeit mit drei wesentlichen Aspekten beschrieben: Die Abbildung der Netzwerktopologie, die Definition von Simulationsszenarien der Ein- und Ausspeisung sowie die Methoden der Kapazitätsberechnung. Der Autor beschreibt detailliert die Integration verfügbarer Datenquellen sowie Annahmen und Vereinfachungen, die für die Modellierung notwendig sind. Durch die Untersuchung verschiedener Erdgas-Verbrauchersektoren und der Verbrauchsentwicklung über die Jahre werden verschiedene Szenarien definiert und mit Hilfe des Topologiemodells simuliert. Mit diesen Simulationen können die technischen Potentiale sowohl für individuelle Ein- und Ausspeisepunkte, als auch für das gesamte deutsche H-Gasnetz analysiert werden. Das Modell wird anhand einiger Fallstudien illustriert, um neue Infrastrukturen sowie die Auswirkungen neuer Technologien (z.B. Erzeugung von synthetischem Methan aus Stromspeicherprojekten) und politischer Entscheidungen (z.B. den deutschen Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie) zu bewerten. Einige Engpassbereiche des existierenden Transportnetzes in dieser neuen Situation werden mit Hilfe des Modells identifiziert, um Empfehlungen für den Um- und Ausbau des deutschen Gastransportsystems zu geben.
This proceedings volume contains a selection of papers presented at the symposium "International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing'' held at the Hanoi Institute of Mathematics of the Vietnam National Center for Natural Science and Technology (NCST), March 10-14, 2003. The conference has been organized by the Hanoi Institute of Mathematics, SFB 359 ''Reactive Flows, Transport and Diffusion'', Heidelberg, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg. The contributions cover the broad interdisciplinary spectrum of scientific computing and present recent advances in theory, development of methods, and applications in practice. Subjects covered are mathematical modelling, numerical simulation, methods for optimization and optimal control, parallel computing, symbolic computing, software development, applications of scientific computing in physics, chemistry, biology and mechanics, environmental and hydrology problems, transport, logistics and site location, communication networks, production scheduling, industrial and commercial problems.
Suitable for both a first or second course in fluid mechanics at the graduate or advanced undergraduate level, this book presents the study of how fluids behave and interact under various forces and in various applied situations - whether in the liquid or gaseous state or both.
Fragility functions constitute an emerging tool for the probabilistic seismic risk assessment of buildings, infrastructures and lifeline systems. The work presented in this book is a partial product of a European Union funded research project SYNER-G (FP7 Theme 6: Environment) where existing knowledge has been reviewed in order to extract the most appropriate fragility functions for the vulnerability analysis and loss estimation of the majority of structures and civil works exposed to earthquake hazard. Results of other relevant European projects and international initiatives are also incorporated in the book. In several cases new fragility and vulnerability functions have been developed in order to better represent the specific characteristics of European elements at risk. Several European and non-European institutes and Universities collaborated efficiently to capitalize upon existing knowledge. State-of-the-art methods are described, existing fragility curves are reviewed and, where necessary, new ones are proposed for buildings, lifelines, transportation infrastructures as well as for utilities and critical facilities. Taxonomy and typology definitions are synthesized and the treatment of related uncertainties is discussed. A fragility function manager tool and fragility functions in electronic form are provided on extras.springer.com. Audience The book aims to be a standard reference on the fragility functions to be used for the seismic vulnerability and probabilistic risk assessment of the most important elements at risk. It is of particular interest to earthquake engineers, scientists and researchers working in the field of earthquake risk assessment, as well as the insurance industry, civil protection and emergency management agencies.
This book offers a state-of-the-art introduction to the mathematical theory of supply chain networks, focusing on those described by partial differential equations. The authors discuss modeling of complex supply networks as well as their mathematical theory, explore modeling, simulation, and optimization of some of the discussed models, and present analytical and numerical results on optimization problems. Real-world examples are given to demonstrate the applicability of the presented approaches. Graduate students and researchers who are interested in the theory of supply chain networks described by partial differential equations will find this book useful. It can also be used in advanced graduate-level courses on modeling of physical phenomena as well as introductory courses on supply chain theory.
Simulation Modeling and Analysis with Arena is a highly readable textbook which treats the essentials of the Monte Carlo discrete-event simulation methodology, and does so in the context of a popular Arena simulation environment. It treats simulation modeling as an in-vitro laboratory that facilitates the understanding of complex systems and experimentation with what-if scenarios in order to estimate their performance metrics. The book contains chapters on the simulation modeling methodology and the underpinnings of discrete-event systems, as well as the relevant underlying probability, statistics, stochastic processes, input analysis, model validation and output analysis. All simulation-related concepts are illustrated in numerous Arena examples, encompassing production lines, manufacturing and inventory systems, transportation systems, and computer information systems in networked settings. - Introduces the concept of discrete event Monte Carlo simulation, the most commonly used methodology for modeling and analysis of complex systems - Covers essential workings of the popular animated simulation language, ARENA, including set-up, design parameters, input data, and output analysis, along with a wide variety of sample model applications from production lines to transportation systems - Reviews elements of statistics, probability, and stochastic processes relevant to simulation modeling