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L'optimisation de la conception des systèmes énergétiques nécessite la prise en compte de multiples phénomènes physiques de natures différentes. La difficulté pour simuler de tels problèmes réside dans le fait que les modèles sont couplés et interdépendants avec des constantes de temps éloignées. Ceci est donc très pénalisant pour le temps de calcul. L'objectif est alors de réduire les efforts de calcul afin de rendre possible l'optimisation de ces architectures complexes. La présente étude décrit une méthodologie de conception de systèmes multi-physiques complexes qui sont caractérisés par des dynamiques très variées. Cette méthodologie repose sur un formalisme générique et modulaire traduisant le fonctionnement du système par un ensemble de cycles et de sous-cycles. La mise en abyme des cycles, inspirée du principe des poupées russes, permet de créer une structure dite multi-couche répartie selon les échelles temporelles prises en compte. Pour réduire le coût de simulation global, des méthodes d'extrapolation à pas variables basées sur cycle ont été développées et implémentées sur chacune de ces couches. Les résultats des approximations obtenus à une couche inférieure sont ensuite utilisés pour effectuer des extrapolations sur une couche supérieure. Cette approche permet de réduire considérablement le temps de simulation en atteignant un facteur de gain supérieur à 1000, même en présence d'une grande disparité de constantes de temps du système. La méthodologie proposée a été validée sur l'étude de dimensionnement d'un navire tout-électrique et elle peut également être utilisée dans de nombreuses applications de transport et de production d'électricité.
Étude de la conception systématique de chaînes de conversion d'énergie en Génie Electrique. Nous proposons une approche dédiée à la conception par association d'éléments caractérisés. A partir d'exigences formulées dans un cahier des charges, les objectifs sont de définir une structure saine à l'aide d'éléments prédéfinis. Dans ce cadre, nous avons adopté une approche de caractérisation qui prend en compte différents critères nécessaires pour la conception. Nous avons ensuite exploité cette approche pour élaborer des méthodologies de conception des structures de conversion de l'énergie électrique. Ces méthodologies nous ont servi de base pour développer une application informatique d'aide à la conception s'articulant principalement sur trois outils : une base de données qui joue le rôle de bibliothèque d'éléments, un outil graphique permettant la construction de structures à l'aide d'éléments caractérisés, un module d'expertise destiné à l'aide à la conception.
This book highlights peer reviewed articles from the 1st International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Conversion, ICREEC 2019, held at Oran in Algeria. It presents recent advances, brings together researchers and professionals in the area and presents a platform to exchange ideas and establish opportunities for a sustainable future. Topics covered in this proceedings, but not limited to, are photovoltaic systems, bioenergy, laser and plasma technology, fluid and flow for energy, software for energy and impact of energy on the environment.
Preface Adhesion is a phenomenon architects and civil engineers are not very familiar with. In other disciplines knowledge about surface properties and the background of bonding energies is also far from satisfactory; nevertheless there are many important· applications in concrete engineering, where adhesion is necessary for success and durability. These include: - coating and painting - repair of concrete surfaces - bonding of fresh to old concrete - crack injection - glueing of precast elements - glueing of steel to concrete, etc. In 1981 RILEM established the technical committee 52-RAC 'Resin Adherence to Concrete'. The main aims of the committee's work were - to collect research results and practical experiences - to initiate and coordinate research programs - to develop, on a scientific base, test methods for field and for laboratory purposes. One of the results of the committee's work is a state-of-the-art report, which will be presented orally as a General Report at the International Symposium ISAP '86, and will be printed either in the RILEM journal Materials and Structures or separately. Several test recommendations have been elaborated and will be prepared as drafts for the participants ofISAP '86. These are: - direct tensile test - pull-off test - direct shear test - slant shear test - four-point bending test - dynamic loading test - thermal compatibility test (two versions) - injectibility test.
Mathematical and computational introduction. The Euler method and its generalizations. Analysis of Runge-Kutta methods. General linear methods.
It is estimated that literally billions of residents in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation systems (e.g. various types of latrines and septic tanks). Until recently, the management of faecal sludge from these onsite systems has been grossly neglected, partially as a result of them being considered temporary solutions until sewer-based systems could be implemented. However, the perception of onsite or decentralized sanitation technologies for urban areas is gradually changing, and is increasingly being considered as long-term, sustainable options in urban areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries that lack sewer infrastructures. This is the first book dedicated to faecal sludge management. It compiles the current state of knowledge of the rapidly evolving field of faecal sludge management, and presents an integrated approach that includes technology, management, and planning based on Sandecs 20 years of experience in the field. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, and the current state of knowledge of treatment options, to the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. The book also presents important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, and engineers and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.
Repackaged with a new afterword, this "valuable and entertaining" (New York Times Book Review) book explores how scientists are adapting nature's best ideas to solve tough 21st century problems. Biomimicry is rapidly transforming life on earth. Biomimics study nature's most successful ideas over the past 3.5 million years, and adapt them for human use. The results are revolutionizing how materials are invented and how we compute, heal ourselves, repair the environment, and feed the world. Janine Benyus takes readers into the lab and in the field with maverick thinkers as they: discover miracle drugs by watching what chimps eat when they're sick; learn how to create by watching spiders weave fibers; harness energy by examining how a leaf converts sunlight into fuel in trillionths of a second; and many more examples. Composed of stories of vision and invention, personalities and pipe dreams, Biomimicry is must reading for anyone interested in the shape of our future.
This is a practical handbook providing a step-by-step approach to the techniques used for characterizing wastewater sources and investigating sites where collection, treatment and reuse/disposal technologies will be installed. It is intended to help enable local implementation of on-site and decentralized wastewater management system (DWMS)for wide scale use in development settings. How to Design Wastewater Systems for Local Conditions in Developing Countries helps local service providers and regulatory officials make informed decisions through the use of tools, checklists and case studies. It includes a link to a web based community of on-site and decentralized wastewater professionals, which contains related tools and case studies. This handbook serves as a reference for training classes, certification programs, and higher education programs in civil and sanitary engineering. There is an increasing interest on the part of local government officials and private sector service providers to implement wastewater treatment systems to solve sanitation problems. The model presented in this handbook promotes activities that first generate data related to source and site conditions that represent critical inputs, and then applies this information to the technology selection process. Matching the most appropriate technologies to the specific needs of the wastewater project is the key that leads to long term sustainability. How to Design Wastewater Systems for Local Conditions in Developing Countries is an invaluable resource for public sector decision makers and private sector service providers in developing countries. It is also a useful text for students at engineering colleges in developing countries interested in taking a class that teaches the methods of decentralized wastewater management system (DWMS) development.