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This report is primarily concerned with intensive precipitation falling as rain over the central part of the Mississippi River Basin during the months of January through July. Other precipitation in the Basin is relatively ineffective in producing floods on the main stem. Snow melt is not negligible in Mississippi floods but has never been the primary cause of a historical Lower Mississippi flood. Major floods are not experienced from August to December because the ground, dried during the summer, has an accumulated capacity to soak up water; any hypothetical flood between August and December would be overshadowed for design purposes by a hypothetical flood of the same likelihood of occurrence between January and July. The latter would be drastically more severe.
This is the second of the two final reports on the meteorological findings. The present report covers the meteorological aspects of the hypothetical floods that evolved from a number of conferences between the Office of Chief of Engineers, the Mississippi River Commission, and the Weather Bureau, and which have been adopted by the Corps of Engineers as the current basis for design in the Lower Mississippi River Basin.
Excessive precipitation produced severe flooding in a nine-State area in the upper Mississippi River Basin during spring and summer 1993. Following a spring that was wetter than average, weather patterns that persisted from early June through July caused the upper Midwest to be deluged with an unusually large amount of rainfall. Monthly precipitation data were examined at 10 weather-station locations in the flood-affected region to illustrate precipita tion patterns and amounts in the flood-affected area. In 1993, all 10 of the selected locations received greater than the normal rainfall for January through June 1961-90, 8 of the 10 locations received more than 200 percent of the normal rainfall for July 1961-90, and 3 received more than 400 percent of the normal rainfall for July. (The average rainfall for any given 30-year period is termed the "normal" rainfall for the given period.) May through July 1993 was the wettest or nearly the wettest such period on record at many locations in the flooded area. Of the 10 locations, 6 received more rainfall in the first 7 months of 1993 than generally is received in a year.
On river drainage basins, normal precipitation, and major floods; with data.
On causes, duration, overflow, damage, and reports on local areas; with data on river height and property damage, for selected cities.