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This Topical Volume focuses on aviation meteorology for operations and research, covering important topics related to wind and turbulence, visibility, fog and precipitation, convection and lightning, icing, blowing snow, and ice cloud microphysics and dynamics. In addition to forecasting issues, the impact of climate on aviation operations is also highlighted, as temperature and moisture changes can affect aircraft aerodynamic conditions, such as lift and drag forces. This work uses measurements from state of art in-situ instruments and simulation results from numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. New technologies related to satellites, radars, lidars, and UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are described, as well as new analysis methods related to artificial intelligence (AI) and neural network systems. Use of remote sensing platforms, including satellites, radars, radiometers, ceilometers, sodars, and lidars, as well as knowledge of the in-situ observations for the monitoring and short-term forecasting of wind, turbulence, gust, clear air turbulence (CAT), low visibility due to fog and clouds, and precipitation types are required for aviation operations at the airports and high level flying conditions. This book provides extensive knowledge for aviation-related meteorological processes and events that include short and long term prediction of high impact weather systems. Aviation experts, weather offices, pilots, university students, postgraduates, and researchers interested in aviation and meteorology, including new instruments for measurements applicable to forecasting and nowcasting, can benefit from consulting and reading this book. This book provides a comprehensive overview of our existing knowledge and the numerous remaining difficulties in predicting and measuring issues related to wind and turbulence, convection, fog and visibility, various cloud types, icing, and ice clouds at various time and space scales. Previously published in Pure and Applied Geophysics, Volume 176, Issue 5, 2019
The history of the growth and professionalization of American meteorology and its transformation into a physics- and mathematics-based scientific discipline. For much of the first half of the twentieth century, meteorology was more art than science, dependent on an individual forecaster's lifetime of local experience. In Weather by the Numbers, Kristine Harper tells the story of the transformation of meteorology from a “guessing science” into a sophisticated scientific discipline based on physics and mathematics. What made this possible was the development of the electronic digital computer; earlier attempts at numerical weather prediction had foundered on the human inability to solve nonlinear equations quickly enough for timely forecasting. After World War II, the combination of an expanded observation network developed for military purposes, newly trained meteorologists, savvy about math and physics, and the nascent digital computer created a new way of approaching atmospheric theory and weather forecasting. This transformation of a discipline, Harper writes, was the most important intellectual achievement of twentieth-century meteorology, and paved the way for the growth of computer-assisted modeling in all the sciences.
The first U.S. Navy aerial photographs were taken in 1913 in support of fleet exercises off Guantanamo, Cuba. Following WWI, a Navy Photographic expedition went north, making the first aerial mapping photos of the Alaskan territory. WWII found Navy shuttermen in the Pacific theatre, performing pre- and post-attack reconnaissance, along with "hitting the beach" to record the war as it unfolded. Shortly after, Navy photographic units were in the Pacific to record early atomic bomb tests. The Navy's aerial photo reconnaissance mission, both at the front end with the weaponless aircrews and the output of thousands of images and photo interpretation, continued to develop through the mid-20th century. The last aerial photo plane in the Navy's inventory was retired after flying to the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museum Annex at Dulles International Airport in Fairfax County, Virginia. The 74 year odyssey of Navy and Marine Corps aerial reconnaissance photography was finished.