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A column packed with pellets of copper plated LaNi{sub 4.25}Al{sub 0.75} has been evaluated for its separation efficiency using a displacement method. Deuterium breakthrough curves were produced experimentally and compared with those calculated with a stage model. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate was attained and its dependence on temperature and gas flow rate was established. 6 refs., 4 figs.
Designs are presented for continuous countercurrent hydrogen isotope separation cascades based on the use of metal hydrides. The cascades are made up of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or temperature swing adsorption (TSA) stages. The designs were evolved from consideration of previously conducted studies of the separation performance of four types of PSA and TSA processes.
Studying the interactions between heavy hydrogen isotopes and hydride forming metals or intermetallic compounds (IMC) is of importance for both fundamental and applied sciences. These systems offer, for example, the possibility of technical hydrogen isotope separation due to their considerable isotope effects. In addition, quite a lot of problems of hydrogen recovery, hydrogen purification, and tritium storage can be solved. This review deals with theoretical aspects of the interaction of heavy hydrogen isotopes with metals and IMC, and contains detailed information on phase and isotopic equilibrium and of the kinetics of isotope exchange in systems with hydride phases. Numerical data and results from theoretical and experimental studies are presented as well.
The properties of four hydride-forming materials have been investigated to determine their applicability for use in a process to separate hydrogen isotopes from inerts. These materials are Zr{sub 0.8}Ti{sub 0.2}Ni, Zr{sub 0.65}Ti{sub 0.35}Co, NdCo3, and ErFe2. The properties investigated while surveying these materials include ease of activation, isotherm characteristics, kinetics, cycling stability, and oxygen stability. The results of the survey indicate NdCo3 to be the hydride former of choice for use in the inert separation process. It is the most easily activated and has the most favorable isotherm characteristics (the largest usable capacity, flat plateaux, small hysteresis, and negligible heel) as well as the fastest absorption kinetics of the materials tested. NdCo3 also has good cycling and oxygen stability. As with most intermetallic alloys NdCo3 decrepitates into a fine powder after only a few sorption cycles in hydrogen and therefore must be consolidated in order to be used in the fixed-bed absorber envisioned for the inert separation process. Consolidation was achieved through support of the NdCo3 in a sinter-bonded aluminum matrix. Stable compacts of NdCo3 have been made consisting of 40 wt % Al in NdCo3 pellets, pressed at 27 kpsi, sintered under vacuum for 2 hr at 450°C. These compacts retained the full absorptive capacity of NdCo3 and remained 99 wt % intact after 15 sorption cycles in protium. 16 refs., 9 figs.
In the near future the world will need to convert to a suitable, clean energy supply: one that will meet the demands of an increasing population while giving few environmental problems. One such possible supply is hydrogen. Hydrogen Energy System describes the present status of hydrogen as an energy supply, as well as its prospect in the years to come. It covers the transition to hydrogen-based, sustainable energy systems, the technology of hydrogen production, its storage and transport, and current and future hydrogen utilisation. Economic analyses of the hydrogen energy system, together with case studies, are also presented.
A study was made of the properties of metal hydrides which may be suitable for use in chromatographic separation of hydrogen isotopes. Sixty-five alloys were measured, with the best having a hydrogen-deuterium separation factor of 1.35 at 60°C. Chromatographic columns using these alloys produced deuterium enrichments of up to 3.6 in a single pass, using natural abundance hydrogen as starting material. 25 references, 16 figures, 4 tables.
This book presents state-of-the-art coverage of synthesis of advanced functional materials. Unconventional synthetic routes play an important role in the synthesis of advanced materials as many new materials are metastable and cannot be synthesized by conventional methods. This book presents various synthesis methods such as conventional solid-state method, combustion method, a range of soft chemical methods, template synthesis, molecular precursor method, microwave synthesis, sono-chemical method and high-pressure synthesis. It provides a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods and covers a variety of materials, including ceramics, films, glass, carbon-based, and metallic materials. Many techniques for processing and surface functionalization are also discussed. Several engineering aspects of materials synthesis are also included. The contents of this book are useful for researchers and professionals working in the areas of materials and chemistry.