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Sebagai sebuah gagasan, REDD+ adalah cerita sukses: sebuah pendekatan baru yang membangkitkan harapan bagi penggalangan dana berbasiskan hasil untuk menindaklanjuti kebutuhan mendesak dalam mitigasi perubahan iklim. Gagasan ini cukup luas untuk menjadi sebuah tajuk pohon, untuk memayungi sejumlah besar pelaku di bawahnya untuk menumbuhkan pohon mereka sendiri. REDD+ menghadapi berbagai tantangan besar: Sejumlah kepentingan politik dan ekonomi yang kuat mendukung deforestasi dan degradasi yang berlanjut. Karena itu, implementasinya harus dikoordinasikan antara berbagai tingkat pemerintahan dan lembaga; manfaatnya harus disalurkan dengan menyeimbangkan keefektifan dan kesetaraan; ketidakpastian kepemilikan lahan (tenurial) dan jaringan pengamannya harus ditangani sungguh-sungguh; serta institusi yang transparan, pemantauan karbon yang dapat diandalkan dan tingkat acuan yang realistis, semuanya dibutuhkan untuk mendukung berbagai sistem berbasiskan hasil. REDD+ membutuhkan – dan dapat menjadi katalisator – perubahan transformatif: Insentif ekonomi yang baru, informasi dan wacana yang baru, berbagai pelaku dan koalisi kebijakan yang baru berpotensi untuk menggeser kebijakan domestik agar menjauh dari jalur bisnis seperti biasa. Proyek-proyek REDD+ bersifat gabungan di kawasan-kawasan yang tingkat deforestasinya tinggi: Para pengusul proyek mengusahakan strategi yang menggabungkan penegakan peraturan dan mendukung mata pencaharian alternatif (ICDP) dengan sejumlah insentif yang berbasiskan hasil (PES). Proyek-proyek cenderung berlokasi di kawasan-kawasan yang tingkat deforestasinya tinggi dan nilai karbonnya besar, sehingga menghasilkan nilai tambahan yang tinggi jika mereka berhasil. Ada pilihan kebijakan ‘tanpa penyesalan’: Meskipun ada ketidakpastian tentang masa depan REDD+, para pemangku kepentingan perlu membangun dukungan dan koalisi politik untuk melakukan perubahan, melakukan investasi dalam sistem informasi yang memadai, serta melaksanakan kebijakan yang dapat mengurangi deforestasi dan degradasi hutan, yang semuanya tetap diinginkan terlepas dari tujuan-tujuan untuk mengatasi persoalan iklim.
This latest energy sector assessment, strategy, and road map for Indonesia highlights energy sector performance, major development constraints, and government development plans and strategy. This report reviews previous support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and other development partners, and outlines ADB’s future support strategy in Indonesia’s energy sector. This publication provides energy sector background information for ADB investment and technical assistance operations and will inform ADB’s 2016–2019 country partnership strategy for Indonesia.
How can REDD credits be included in a future global carbon market, and what are the impacts of inclusion? We analyze ten different scenarios through 2020, varying the global emission caps and the REDD rules. An inclusion of REDD credits without any adjustments in the global cap will lower carbon prices significantly and cause crowding out. The cap must move towards the 2 degrees climate target if REDD inclusion is to maintain high carbon prices and strong incentives for emissions reductions in other sectors. At the same time, reaching the 2 degree target without full REDD inclusion will increase global mitigation costs by more than 50%.
Constructive critique. This book provides a critical, evidence-based analysis of REDD+ implementation so far, without losing sight of the urgent need to reduce forest-based emissions to prevent catastrophic climate change. REDD+ as envisioned
REDD+ must be transformational. REDD+ requires broad institutional and governance reforms, such as tenure, decentralisation, and corruption control. These reforms will enable departures from business as usual, and involve communities and forest users in making and implementing policies that a ect them. Policies must go beyond forestry. REDD+ strategies must include policies outside the forestry sector narrowly de ned, such as agriculture and energy, and better coordinate across sectors to deal with non-forest drivers of deforestation and degradation. Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms. We must learn from the past. Many approaches to REDD+ now being considered are similar to previous e orts to conserve and better manage forests, often with limited success. Taking on board lessons learned from past experience will improve the prospects of REDD+ e ectiveness. National circumstances and uncertainty must be factored in. Di erent country contexts will create a variety of REDD+ models with di erent institutional and policy mixes. Uncertainties about the shape of the future global REDD+ system, national readiness and political consensus require  exibility and a phased approach to REDD+ implementation.
REDD+ is one of the leading near-term options for global climate change mitigation. More than 300 subnational REDD+ initiatives have been launched across the tropics, responding to both the call for demonstration activities in the Bali Action Plan and the market for voluntary carbon offset credits.
The Government of Norway, through its International Climate and Forest Initiative, will allocate up to NOK3 billion (approximately US $430 million) a year between 2009 and 2012 to mitigate greenhouse gases produced by land-use change. An assessment of the utility of payments for ecosystem services as a tool for REDD was commissioned by the Norwegian Minister for the Environment and International Development to inform the International Climate and Forest Initiative. This document represents a summary of ten papers which made up the assessment."--Résumé de l'éditeur.
Handbook of Energy, Volume I: Diagrams, Charts, and Tables provides comprehensive, organized coverage on all phases of energy and its role in society, including its social, economic, political, historical, and environmental aspects. While there is a wealth of information about energy available, it is spread across many books, journals, and websites and it tends to target either a particular form of energy or a specific audience. Handbook of Energy provides a central repository of information that meets diverse user communities. It focuses on visual, graphic, and tabular information in a schematic format. Individuals and researchers at all educational levels will find the Handbook of Energy to be a valuable addition to their personal libraries. - Easy-to-read technical diagrams and tables display a vast array of data and concepts