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The generation and use of megagauss magnetic fields have been subjects of research and development in laboratories around the world for over a quarter of a century. Research goals have included the development of compact, short-pulse, electrical power sources and the production of ultrahigh magnetic field strengths over significant experimental volumes. Energies measured in megajoules, currents in megamperes and timescales of microseconds are not uncommon in such work. Phase changes, insulator breakdowns, and local des truction of the apparatus are also frequently encountered. Some efforts have involved the use of high explosive systems, developing methodologies rather distinct from those of a normal physics laboratory. Manipulation of magnetic flux to exchange energy between high speed, electrically conducting flows and high strength electromagnetic fields remains, of course, a basic interaction of classical physics. The remoteness of the necessary experimental sites (at least in many instances) and the various national concerns for security of defense-related research have often limited the flow of information between investigators of separate organizations, working in common areas of technical concern. Occa sionally, however, it has been possible for the community of scientists and engineers engaged in work on high magnetic fields and related high energy den sity systems to gather together and exchange results and plans, successes and failures. The first such international gathering was in 1965 at the Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation by Explosives and Related Experi ments, Frascati, Italy.
The generation of megagauss fields for science and technology is an exciting area at the extremes of parameter space, involving the application and controlled handling of extremely high power and energy densities in small volumes and on short time scales. New physical phenomena, technological challenges, and the selection and development of materials, together create a unique potential and synergy resulting in fascinating discoveries and achievements. This book is a collection of the contributions of an international conference, which assembled the leading scientists and engineers worldwide working on the generation and use of the strongest magnetic fields possible. Other research activities include generators that employ explosives to create ultra-high pulsed power for different applications, such as megavolt or radiation sources. Additional topics are the generation of plasmas and magnetized plasmas for fusion, imploding liners, rail guns, etc.
Explosive pulsed power generators are devices that either convert the chemical energy stored in explosives into electrical energy or use the shock waves generated by explosives to release energy stored in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials. The objective of this book is to acquaint the reader with the principles of operation of explosive generators and to provide details on how to design, build, and test three types of generators: flux compression, ferroelectric, and ferromagnetic generators, which are the most developed and the most near term for practical applications. Containing a considerable amount of new experimental data that has been collected by the authors, this is the first book that treats all three types of explosive pulsed power generators. In addition, there is a brief introduction to a fourth type ix explosive generator called a moving magnet generator. As practical applications for these generators evolve, students, scientists, and engineers will have access to the results of a considerable body of experience gained by almost 10 years of intense research and development by the authors.
This book was originally published in Japanese in honour of Professor S. Chikazumi on the occasion of his retirement from the University of Tokyo in March 1982. Physicists who had been supervised by him or had closely col laborated with him wrote articles on recent developments in magnetism and its engineering applications. In the preface of his excellent textbook Physics of Magnetism (Wiley, 1964), Professor Chikazumi says that recent research in magnetism deals with fundamental physical problems and, at the same time, with more secondary magnetic phenomena, as well as with engineering applications of magnetic materials to electromagnetic machines, permanent magnets and electronic computers, and that the purpose of his textbook is to give a general view of these magnetic phenomena, focusing its main interest at the center of such a broad field. Always keeping such a viewpoint in mind, Professor Chikazumi has contributed a great deal to both fundamental physics and applications of magnetism. This is described in Chap. 1 of this book. Many books have been published on both the physics and applications of magnetism. However, no single book has a viewpoint covering both of them. The recent development of high technology needs such a broad viewpoint for scientists and engineers since it is a product of both fundamental science and technology. Research in magnetism is based on the response which materials show to the application of magnetic fields.
This volume represents the Proceedings of the Oji International Seminar on the Application of High Magnetic Fields in the Physics of Semiconductors and Magnetic Materials, which was held at the Hakone Kanko Hotel, Hakone, Japan, from 10 to 13 September 1980. The Seminar was organized as a related meeting to the 15th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors which was held in Kyoto between 1 and 5 September 1980. From 12 countries, 77 de legates participated in the Seminar. This Seminar was originally planned to be a formal series of International Conferences on the Application of High Magnetic Fields in the Physics of Semiconductors, which was first started by Professor G. Landwehr in 1972 in WUrzburg as a satellite conference to the 11th Semiconductor Conference in Warsaw. The Conference in WUrzburg was con ducted in an informal atmosphere which was followed by three conferences, in WUrzburg in 1974 and 1976, and in Oxford in 1978. At the current Seminar the physics of magnetic materials was added to the scope of the Seminar, because high-field magnetism is also an important research area in the physics of high magnetic fields and is also one of the most active fields in physics in Japan. In the last decade, considerable effort has been devoted to develop the techniques for generating the high magnetic fields in many high-field labora tories in the world.
A discussion of explosive pulsed power systems and their applications, this book consists of 7 chapters. The first five describe the basic physics of these sources and their ancillary equipment, based on a manual for training engineers in Russia. Chapter 6 is a description of codes and methodologies used at Loughborough University in the UK to build flux compressors, while Chapter 7 covers two specific applications: high power lasers and high power microwave sources. The book introduces all types of explosive power sources and their ancillary equipment, the procedures required to build them, and specific applications.
While the basic operating principles of Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators are easy to understand, the details of their construction and performance limits have been described only in government reports, many of them classified. Conferences in the field of flux compression are also dominated by contributions from government (US and foreign) laboratories. And the government-sponsored research has usually been concerned with very large generators with explosive charges that require elaborate facilities and safety arrangements. This book emphasizes research into small generators (less than 500 grams of high explosives) and explains in detail the physical fundamentals, construction details, and parameter-variation effects related to them.
A unique resource for physicists and engineers working with magnetic fields An understanding of magnetic phenomena is essential for anyone working on the practical application of electromagnetic theory. Magnetic Fields: A Comprehensive Theoretical Treatise for Practical Use provides physicists and engineers with a thorough treatment of the magnetic aspects of classical electromagnetic theory, focusing on key issues and problems arising in the generation and application of magnetic fields. From magnetic potentials and diffusion phenomena to magnetohydrodynamics and properties of matter-topics are carefully selected for their relevance to the theoretical framework as well as current technologies. Outstanding in its organization, clarity, and scope, Magnetic Fields: * Examines a wide range of practical problems, from magnetomechanical devices to magnetic acceleration mechanisms * Opens each chapter with reference to pertinent engineering examples * Provides sufficient detail enabling readers to follow the derivation of the results * Discusses solution methods and their application to different problems * Includes more than 300 graphs, 40 tables, 2,000 numbered formulas, and extensive references to the professional literature * Reviews the essential mathematics in the appendices