Download Free Mechanical Stretch And Cytokines Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Mechanical Stretch And Cytokines and write the review.

This book presents the latest findings in the field of investigation of molecular mechanisms of mechanical stretch and the role of cytokines in response of different tissues to it. On the one hand this Volume demonstrates how mechanical stretch enhances cytokines production. It describes how cytokines influence tissues and cells on a background of a mechanical stretching. It provides a description of how cells in different tissues are activated by stretch and cytokines via various signaling pathways, and how they change their gene expression. The book is a unique collection of reviews outlining current knowledge and future developments in this rapidly growing field. Knowledge of biomechanics, and mechanisms which underlie it on molecular, cellular and tissue, is necessary for understanding of the normal functioning of living organisms and allows to predict changes, which arise due to alterations of their environment.
In this manuscript, practitioners and students who are concerned with sports and rehabilitation medicine, kinesiology, as well as coaches and athletes, are introduced to numerous concepts, including mechanotransduction, inflammation, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, calpains, the extracellular matrix, neutrophils and macrophages, and their relevance to stretching, particularly stretching intensity. Although the quantitative parameters of training, duration, and frequency are important, it is the qualitative criterion of intensity (“how much”) that the author suggests is ultimately of greater concern. Intensity, the rate and magnitude of force, may be responsible for the proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation of the musculoskeletal tissues from training, competition, or rehabilitation from injuries. Research suggests that too much force results in the stimulation of an inflammatory response, one associated with a biochemical feedback emerging from a mechanical stimulus. The intent of this manuscript is twofold: to initiate the discussion of the importance of stretching intensity with regard to proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation, and to suggest that researchers need to explore its potential role in addressing numerous inflammatory (RA) and non-inflammatory (OA, recurrent tendinitis etc.) musculoskeletal conditions as well.
A novel, inexpensive, and uniformly characterized uniaxial stretch device was developed to study the cellular response to mechanical stretch. This device showed a pure uniaxial stretch regime with orders of magnitude difference between the stretched and non-stretched axis. In this thesis bone marrow derived mouse macrophages were cultured on the device for 24 hours under a 1 Hz signal at either 5, 10, 15, or 20% peak strain. These cells were also stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines to polarize them to M1 macrophages. These cells responded by aligning and elongating in the direction of strain while their inflammatory signaling produced mixed results. Stretch amplitudes from 5 to 20% did not indicate any significant differences leading to the conclusion that the sensitive range for macrophages may be below 5% peak strain. Adhesion time affected TNF-alpha; secretion but the application of stretch did not have any additional change. Adhesion time also did not affect the stretch induced elongation or orientation of macrophages. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were also tested on the device and were found to organize themselves both under tension and compressive strain. Adhesion time did slightly affect the organization of cardiomyocytes. The stretch produced by the device is uniform and effects the shape and organization of these two cell types, coupled with the simplicity of the device, this tool can be used to elucidate stretch induced phenotypic changes.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is difficult to treat and has a mortalitly rate of 40-60%. During ARDS, cytokine levels in the lungs are elevated and patients are treated with hyperoxia and mechanical ventilaion. Alone, these three factors can cause lung injury but the combination is thought to worsen lung damage. Using an over-distension model of lung injury, I investigated the effect of excessive mechanical stretch on a monolayer of murine alveolar epithelial cells (MLE-12) treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Results show that monolayer damage, i.e., formation of cell-free areas, may begin as early as 30 minutes from the beginning of excessive stretch. Moreover, the cell-free area formation due to TNF-α and stretch together was 16% greater than the cell-free area formed due to either stimulus alone. Future studies are needed to elucidate the cause of this form of damage.
The brainstem reticular formation is the archaic core of ascending and descending pathways connecting the brain with spinal cord. After the pioneer description of the activating role of the ascending reticular activating system by Moruzzi and Magoun in 1949, an increasing number of studies have contributed to disclose the multifaceted roles of this brain area. In fact, the brainstem reticular formation sub-serves a variety of brain activities such as the modulation of the sleep-waking cycle, the level of arousal and attention, the drive for novelty seeking behaviors and mood. Meanwhile, descending pathways play a key role in posture modulation, extrapyramidal movements, and autonomic functions such as breathing and blood pressure. Moreover, both descending and ascending fibers of the reticular formation are critical in gating the sensory inputs and play a critical role in pain modulation and gaze control. All these activities are impaired when a damage affects critical nuclei of the reticular formation. Remarkably, in neurodegenerative diseases involving reticular nuclei, the rich collaterals interconnecting reticular isodendritic neurons represent a gateway for disease spreading placing the role of the reticular nuclei as a pivot in a variety of brain disorders. The present Research Topic is an updated collection of recent studies, which contribute to define the systematic anatomy of the reticular formation, its physiological and pharmacological features, as well as its involvement in neurodegenerative disorders and neuroprotection.
Although clinicians have recognized the importance of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of heart disease for well over 200 years, it has taken nearly as many years for clinicians and scientists to focus on the basic biological mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac disease states. Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the potential role that inflammatory mediators, play in a variety of cardiac disease states, including chronic heart failure. The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Failing Heart provides a state-of-the-art review on inflammatory mediators and the failing heart. This book will serve both as a useful introduction to the field, as well as an update for those interested in the role of inflammatory mediators and the failing heart.
Offers answers to challenges in clinical immunology. This book contains immunology knowledge and includes a companion web site to give you two ways to find the answers you need.
This book provides a comprehensive framework for treatment and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In recent years great strides have been made toward understanding the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of BPD, which is the most common chronic lung disease affecting infants. This one-stop resource is written by leading scientists and clinicians in the field, and chapters discuss the most recent developments in the basic scientific, translational, and clinical characteristics of the disease. Topics such as hyperoxia, pre- and post-natal inflammation, and genetics and biomarkers of BPD are included, as well as non-invasive ventilation techniques, nutrition, and radiology applications from pre-term birth to adulthood. The book closes with an in-depth look at emerging therapeutic options for prevention of BPD. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia is an essential volume for all neonatologists, pediatric pulmonologists, and scientists interested in developmental disorders of the lung.
One of the key tools in effectively managing critical illness is the use of mechanical ventilator support. This essential text helps you navigate this rapidly evolving technology and understand the latest research and treatment modalities. A deeper understanding of the effects of mechanical ventilation will enable you to optimize patient outcomes while reducing the risk of trauma to the lungs and other organ systems. A physiologically-based approach helps you better understand the impact of mechanical ventilation on cytokine levels, lung physiology, and other organ systems. The latest guidelines and protocols help you minimize trauma to the lungs and reduce patient length of stay. Expert contributors provide the latest knowledge on all aspects of mechanical ventilation, from basic principles and invasive and non-invasive techniques to patient monitoring and controlling costs in the ICU. Comprehensive coverage of advanced biological therapies helps you master cutting-edge techniques involving surfactant therapy, nitric oxide therapy, and cytokine modulators. Detailed discussions of both neonatal and pediatric ventilator support helps you better meet the unique needs of younger patients.