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Processes that transport heat and mass govern the long-term evolution of planets and are responsible for surface geological features. This dissertation addresses the thermal and mechanical evolution of icy bodies and the mechanics of geyser and mud volcano eruptions. Some surface features on Europa have been interpreted as cryovolcanic deposits, but conduits are required in order for water to erupt from a subsurface ocean. Results from a model of fracture penetration indicate that it is unlikely that downward propagating fractures can reach a subsurface ocean on Europa, but that Enceladus' ice shell may be completely cracked. The mechanics of ice shell fracture depend on the stress state in the ice shell, which in turn depends on the thermal history due to coupling between ocean pressure, ice shell thickening, and stresses in the overlying ice shell. Numerical calculations that account for the development of Crystallographic Preferred Orientation (CPO) in ice indicate that CPO-induced viscous anisotropy has first order effects on convective velocity and heat transport, but that the thickness of the stagnant lid precludes remote detection of CPO under conditions relevant to the Galilean Satellites. Mud volcanoes near the Salton Sea, Southern California responded to the April, 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake and another smaller event. Analysis of the frequency and amplitude of shaking experienced during events that triggered eruptions as well as several events that did not trigger eruptions reveals that the triggering process is frequency dependent. The Lusi mud eruption in East Java, Indonesia provides an unprecedented opportunity to study a large mud eruption from start to end. An analysis of ground deformation during the first five years of Lusi's eruption indicates that progressive mobilization of mud occurred, supporting a new conceptual model for mud volcanism that is in some ways analogous to large caldera-forming silicic volcanic eruptions. Like mud volcanoes, geysers provide an opportunity to study an erupting system analogous to volcanoes. Ground deformation at Calistoga Geyser is cyclic and reflects the filling and draining of the geyser's plumbing system.
Volcanic eruptions are common, with more than 50 volcanic eruptions in the United States alone in the past 31 years. These eruptions can have devastating economic and social consequences, even at great distances from the volcano. Fortunately many eruptions are preceded by unrest that can be detected using ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments. Data from these instruments, combined with basic understanding of how volcanoes work, form the basis for forecasting eruptionsâ€"where, when, how big, how long, and the consequences. Accurate forecasts of the likelihood and magnitude of an eruption in a specified timeframe are rooted in a scientific understanding of the processes that govern the storage, ascent, and eruption of magma. Yet our understanding of volcanic systems is incomplete and biased by the limited number of volcanoes and eruption styles observed with advanced instrumentation. Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing identifies key science questions, research and observation priorities, and approaches for building a volcano science community capable of tackling them. This report presents goals for making major advances in volcano science.
Increasing evidence supports the claim that stress changes play a fundamental role in triggering volcanic eruptions. Stress changes may vary in origin to include earthquakes, erosion and landslide processes, deglaciation, or tidal effects. The local stress can also change as response of magma influx from deeper reservoirs and an increase of the magma/gas pressure. The stress transfer may be of great importance in reawakening a dormant system. As an example, significant statistical correlation of large earthquakes and eruptions in time and space was suggested in many works. The interaction may be two-fold; where magma intrusions may change the stress at active faults and trigger earthquakes, while tectonic earthquakes may affect the magmatic system and change the eruption activity. The change in local tectonic stress has been claimed as trigger of large ignimbrite eruptions or for controlling the eruptive style of explosive eruptions. Sometimes volcano systems that are nested or closely located may become active in chorus; neighbouring volcanoes may interact in the sense that one volcano triggers its neighbouring volcano. However, although there is ample evidence of concurrence, the processes of interacting volcanoes and near- to far-field tectonic stress are not well understood. Some studies suggest that volcanic eruptions are triggered if compressive stress acts at the magma system and “squeezes” out magma. Other studies suggest that extensional stress fields facilitate magma rise and thus encourage eruptions, or that fluctuating compression and extension during the passing of seismic waves trigger eruptions. This research topic tries to address some of the important open questions in interaction between stress field and volcanic eruption, though both review papers and new contributions.
The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem is greenhouse gas emissions, and the fundamental solution is curbing those emissions. Climate geoengineering has often been considered to be a "last-ditch" response to climate change, to be used only if climate change damage should produce extreme hardship. Although the likelihood of eventually needing to resort to these efforts grows with every year of inaction on emissions control, there is a lack of information on these ways of potentially intervening in the climate system. As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses albedo modification - changing the fraction of incoming solar radiation that reaches the surface. This approach would deliberately modify the energy budget of Earth to produce a cooling designed to compensate for some of the effects of warming associated with greenhouse gas increases. The prospect of large-scale albedo modification raises political and governance issues at national and global levels, as well as ethical concerns. Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth discusses some of the social, political, and legal issues surrounding these proposed techniques. It is far easier to modify Earth's albedo than to determine whether it should be done or what the consequences might be of such an action. One serious concern is that such an action could be unilaterally undertaken by a small nation or smaller entity for its own benefit without international sanction and regardless of international consequences. Transparency in discussing this subject is critical. In the spirit of that transparency, Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth was based on peer-reviewed literature and the judgments of the authoring committee; no new research was done as part of this study and all data and information used are from entirely open sources. By helping to bring light to this topic area, this book will help leaders to be far more knowledgeable about the consequences of albedo modification approaches before they face a decision whether or not to use them.
This is a discount Black and white version. Some images may be unclear, please see BCCampus website for the digital version.This book was born out of a 2014 meeting of earth science educators representing most of the universities and colleges in British Columbia, and nurtured by a widely shared frustration that many students are not thriving in courses because textbooks have become too expensive for them to buy. But the real inspiration comes from a fascination for the spectacular geology of western Canada and the many decades that the author spent exploring this region along with colleagues, students, family, and friends. My goal has been to provide an accessible and comprehensive guide to the important topics of geology, richly illustrated with examples from western Canada. Although this text is intended to complement a typical first-year course in physical geology, its contents could be applied to numerous other related courses.
Explains and illustrates volcanic structures, products and processes, with worked examples and exercises, for students and professionals.
The second edition of Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach offers a fully revised and updated review of pediatric dentistry. This important text covers the full spectrum of the subject, basing itself in the clinical practice of the dental treatment of children and adolescents and providing a special emphasis on evidence-based oral health care for young people. Pediatric Dentistry provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of treatment for children, ranging from health promotion and prevention to strategies for systematic and comprehensive oral care. Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach follows a logical approach, covering major dental and oral diseases and their diagnosis and management in children and adolescents, including caries, periodontal and endodontic conditions, and TMJ disorders. The book also discusses a number of dental and oral conditions that relate more directly to childhood, such as dental erosion, traumatic injuries to the teeth, pain control, and treatment of physically and mentally disabled children. Topics such as dental, physical, intellectual and emotional development are also thoroughly reviewed. Pediatric Dentistry will provide students of dentistry, as well as pediatric dentists and dentists involved in the treatment of young patients, with a uniquely clear, comprehensive, and clinical approach to the dental treatment of children and adolescents.
Understanding the physical behavior of volcanoes is key to mitigating the hazards active volcanoes pose to the ever-increasing populations living nearby. The processes involved in volcanic eruptions are driven by a series of interlinked physical phenomena, and to fully understand these, volcanologists must employ various physics subdisciplines. This book provides the first advanced-level, one-stop resource examining the physics of volcanic behavior and reviewing the state-of-the-art in modeling volcanic processes. Each chapter begins by explaining simple modeling formulations and progresses to present cutting-edge research illustrated by case studies. Individual chapters cover subsurface magmatic processes through to eruption in various environments and conclude with the application of modeling to understanding the other volcanic planets of our Solar System. Providing an accessible and practical text for graduate students of physical volcanology, this book is also an important resource for researchers and professionals in the fields of volcanology, geophysics, geochemistry, petrology and natural hazards.
Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes; it provides a comprehensive source of information on the causes of volcanic eruptions and both the destructive and beneficial effects. The early chapters focus on the science of volcanism (melting of source rocks, ascent of magma, eruption processes, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). Later chapters discuss human interface with volcanoes, including the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity. Provides the only comprehensive reference work to cover all aspects of volcanology Written by nearly 100 world experts in volcanology Explores an integrated transition from the physical process of eruptions through hazards and risk, to the social face of volcanism, with an emphasis on how volcanoes have influenced and shaped society Presents hundreds of color photographs, maps, charts and illustrations making this an aesthetically appealing reference Glossary of 3,000 key terms with definitions of all key vocabulary items in the field is included