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Helium ash production and transport have been measured in TFTR deuterium-tritium plasmas using charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy. The helium ash confinement time, including recycling effects, is 6--10 times the energy confinement time and is compatible with sustained ignition in a reactor. The ash confinement time is dominated by edge pumping rates rather than core transport. The measured evolution of the local thermal ash density agrees with modeling, indicating that alpha particle slowing-down calculations used in the modeling are reasonable.
With energy prices at an all-time high worldwide and the climate crisis making the need to replace fossil fuels an increasingly urgent issue, the development of new energy systems for the future has never been more important. This book presents the proceedings of NEFES 2022, the 7th International Conference on New Energy and Future Energy Systems, originally scheduled to take place in Nanjing from 25 to 28 October 2022, but ultimately held as a fully virtual event as a result of ongoing pandemic restrictions. The NEFES conferences are dedicated to promoting scientific interchange among researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners from around the world, providing participants with an opportunity to share their latest achievements and discuss the possible challenges of new energy and future energy systems. A total of 170 submissions were received for the conference, of which 34 papers were ultimately selected for presentation and publication after careful review and checking for plagiarism by means of the iThenticate tool. Topics addressed at NEFES 2022 included all aspects of energy, including solar and wind energy, smart grids, power transmission and distribution, electric vehicles, biomass, biofuels, bioenergy, new energy materials, energy-saving materials, energy storage materials and technology, energy and nanotechnology, hybrid energy systems, advanced energy technologies, energy generation and conversion, clean coal technology, renewable technology, fuel cells, hydro-energy, and geothermal energy. Providing a current overview of the latest developments in many energy technologies, the book will be of interest to all those working in the field.
This book of proceedings collects the papers presented at the Workshop on Diagnostics for ITER, held at Villa Monastero, Varenna (Italy), from August 28 to September 1, 1995. The Workshop was organised by the International School of Plasma Physics "Piero Caldirola. " Established in 1971, the ISPP has organised over fifty advanced courses and workshops on topics mainly related to plasma physics. In particular, courses and workshops on plasma diagnostics (previously held in 1975, 1978, 1982, 1986, and 1991) can be considered milestones in the history of this institution. Looking back at the proceedings of the previous meetings in Varenna, one can appreciate the rapid progress in the field of plasma diagnostics over the past 20 years. The 1995 workshop was co-organised by the Istituto di Fisica del Plasma of the National Research Council (CNR). In contrast to previous Varenna meetings on diagnostics, which have covered diagnostics in present-day tokamaks and which have had a substantial tutorial component, the 1995 workshop concentrated specifically on the problems and challenges of ITER diagnostics. ITER (the International Thennonuclear Experimental Reactor, a joint venture of Europe, Japan, Russia, and the United States, presently under design) will need to measure a wide range of plasma parameters in order to reach and sustain high levels of fusion power. A list of the measurement requirements together with the parameter ranges, target measurement resolutions, and accuracies provides the starting point for selecting a list of candidate diagnostic systems.
Results from helium, iron, and electron transport on TFTR in L-mode and Supershot deuterium plasmas with the same toroidal field, plasma current, and neutral beam heating power are presented. They are compared to results from thermal transport analysis based on power balance. Particle diffusivities and thermal conductivities are radially hollow and larger than neoclassical values, except possibly near the magnetic axis. The ion channel dominates over the electron channel in both particle and thermal diffusion. A peaked helium profile, supported by inward convection that is stronger than predicted by neoclassical theory, is measured in the Supershot The helium profile shape is consistent with predictions from quasilinear electrostatic drift-wave theory. While the perturbative particle diffusion coefficients of all three species are similar in the Supershot, differences are found in the L-Mode. Quasilinear theory calculations of the ratios of impurity diffusivities are in good accord with measurements. Theory estimates indicate that the ion heat flux should be larger than the electron heat flux, consistent with power balance analysis. However, theoretical values of the ratio of the ion to electron heat flux can be more than a factor of three larger than experimental values. A correlation between helium diffusion and ion thermal transport is observed and has favorable implications for sustained ignition of a tokamak fusion reactor.