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Consistent information on raw material value chains is key for sustainable resources management, to guarantee supply of raw materials and strengthen the EU industry competitiveness. The European Commission launched the development of Material System Analysis (MSA) studies in 2015, to assess the flows of materials through the EU economy, including extraction, stock accumulation and end-of-life management e.g., through disposal or recovery in the EU. The MSA studies consider the entire life cycle of a selected material. This highlights hotspots and bottlenecks in a material value chain. Awareness of weak points in the value chain can guide actions designed to increase the resilience of the supply chain, also in the face of disrupting events. MSA, by virtue of accounting for materials in stock, can also help identifying opportunities to source materials from urban mine or waste streams, allowing to improve the overall circularity of the EU. The systemic view of the MSA also lends itself to develop and support scenarios and outlooks. The current report includes the MSA for the raw materials: barytes, bismuth, hafnium, helium, natural rubber, elemental phosphorus, scandium, tantalum and vanadium. These materials have been or are considered critical raw materials in the EU. The materials cycles analysed show a very strong dependence on imports along the value chain. The EU is highly dependent on imports of primary materials and intermediate products and has a consolidated manufacturing stage for all the materials analysed (except for helium). The EU is efficient in collecting end-of-life products, however most of the targeted materials are lost due to in-use dissipation, non-functional recycling, or disposal in other waste streams. This indicates that the EU is not yet able to decrease its dependency of primary material using secondary materials domestically recycled. However, for some materials (e.g. elemental phosphorus) significant efforts are undertaken to change this situation in the future to improve the EU circularity. The developed MSA are comprehensive datasets that may provide crucial knowledge to help the development and monitoring of EU polices including: the EU list of Critical Raw Materials, the new EU Industrial Strategy, the Green Deal transition plan, the EU Raw Materials Initiative and the EU Circular Economy Action Plan.
"This study is a resource and environmental profile analysis (REPA) of nine beverage container options. The analysis encompassed seven different parameters: virgin raw materials use, energy use, water use, industrial sold wastes, post-consumer solid wastes, air pollutant emissions and water pollutant effluents. These parameters were assessed for each manufacturing and transportation step in the life cycle of a container, beginning with extraction of the raw materials from the earth, continuing through the materials processing steps, product fabrication, use and final disposal. The nine container systems encompass four basic raw materials: glass, steel, aluminum and plastic. A fifth basic material is also included in packaging of the containers; this material is paper.--P. 1.
This is the first book that analyses the future raw materials supply from the demand side of a society that chiefly relies on renewable energies, which is of great significance for us all. It addresses primary and secondary resources and substitution, not only from technical but also socioeconomic and ethical points of view. The “Energiewende” (Energy Transition) will change our consumption of natural resources significantly. When in future our energy requirements will be covered mostly by wind, solar power and biomass, we will need less coal, oil and natural gas. However, the consumption of minerals, especially metallic resources, will increase to build wind generators, solar panels or energy storage facilities. Besides e.g. copper, nickel or cobalt, rare earth elements and other high-tech elements will be increasingly used. With regard to primary metals, Germany is 100 % import dependent; only secondary material is produced within Germany. Though sufficient geological primary resources exist worldwide, their availability on the market is crucial. The future supply of the market is dependent on the development of prices, the transparency of the market and the question of social and ethical standards in the raw materials industry, as well as the social license to operate, which especially applies to mining. The book offers a valuable resource for everyone interested in the future raw material supply of our way of life, which will involve more and more renewable energies.
This book begins with four fundamental tenants: The properties of a material are determined by its structure. Processing can alter that structure in specific and predictable ways;The behavior of materials is grounded in science and is understandable; The properties of all materials change over time with use and exposure to environmental conditions;When selecting a material, sufficient and appropriate testing must be performed to insure that the material will remain suitable throughout the reasonable life of the product. This text assumes that the students are at least sophomores, so that they are familiar with basic chemical bonding and the periodic table. But it is an introductory materials course, so there will be no differential equations, percolation theory, quantum mechanics, statistical thermodynamics, or other advanced topics. The book is designed as an introduction to the field, not a comprehensive guide to all materials science knowledge. Instead of going into great detail in many areas, the book provides key concepts and fundamentals students need to understand materials science and make informed decisions. An example of the philosophy is found in the materials testing section. Although countless variations exist in testing techniques, the chapter focuses on operating principles and the property to be measured, rather than confusing the student with exposition on variations and exceptions. That material is beyond the scope of most introductory courses.
This book of Springer Nature is another proof of Springer’s outstanding greatness on the lively interface of Holistic Computational Optimization, Green IoTs, Smart Modeling, and Deep Learning! It is a masterpiece of what our community of academics and experts can provide when an interconnected approach of joint, mutual, and meta-learning is supported by advanced operational research and experience of the World-Leader Springer Nature! The 6th edition of International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Optimization took place at G Hua Hin Resort & Mall on April 27–28, 2023, with tremendous support from the global research scholars across the planet. Objective is to celebrate “Research Novelty with Compassion and Wisdom” with researchers, scholars, experts, and investigators in Intelligent Computing and Optimization across the globe, to share knowledge, experience, and innovation—a marvelous opportunity for discourse and mutuality by novel research, invention, and creativity. This proceedings book of the 6th ICO’2023 is published by Springer Nature—Quality Label of Enlightenment.
This report examines the role of rare earth metals and other materials in the clean energy economy. It was prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) based on data collected and research performed during 2010. In the report, DoE describes plans to: (1) develop its first integrated research agenda addressing critical materials, building on three technical workshops convened by the DoE during November and December 2010; (2) strengthen its capacity for information-gathering on this topic; and (3) work closely with international partners, including Japan and Europe, to reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions and address critical material needs. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand report.
This work details the findings of the 7th International Conference on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection of 1998, held in Calgary. Topics include: design and planning of surface and underground mines; geotechnical stability in surface and underground mines; and mining and the environment.
This volume presents the results of the 6th Input-Output Meeting, organized in Warsaw, Poland, December 16-18, 1985 by IIASA and the Institute of Econometrics and Statistics, University of Lodz. The main aim of the meeting was to demonstrate the use of integrated input-output models in economic policy making, both at the national and the industrial level.