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Section 1038 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) contains provisions for each State to begin incorporating scrap tire rubber into their asphalt paving materials. A workshop was developed through the cooperation of highway agencies and the asphalt industry to discuss present procedures and practices for designing and constructing asphalt pavements which incorporate scrap tire rubber (crumb rubber modifier). These workshop notes were prepared from the proceedings of the 13 workshop sessions.
Crumb rubber is widely used as an environment-friendly material in asphalt industry to improve pavement performance properties. Warm mixture asphalt (WMA) refers to the technologies which allow a substantial reduction of mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt mixtures through decreasing the viscosity of asphalt binders. In general, the crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt mixes require higher temperatures compared to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA). However, if the technologies of WMA are incorporated, it is predicted to reduce the mixing and compaction temperatures of rubberized asphalt mixtures. For utilization of rubberized mixes in WMA industry, it is needed to investigate the properties of CRM binders with warm additives depending on CRM contents, additive types, aging states, and other experiment variables. This research investigated CRM binders with wax warm additives, and the objectives included: 1) quantifying viscosity changes dependent upon mixing temperature and hauling period through Rotational viscometer test; 2) evaluating the effect of blending time on viscosity; 3) investigating the performance properties of recycled aged CRM binders containing wax additives through Superpave binder tests; 4) evaluating the microstructural properties using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and an atomic force microscopy (AFM). The following conclusions were drawn based on the comprehensive laboratory investigation: 1) crumb rubber contents and wax types were found to have significant influence on the viscosity properties of CRM binders; 2) CRM binder with wax additive (LEADCAP) showed better rutting and cracking resistance compared to the control CRM binder for all aging states; 3) the wax additive in recycled CRM binder is observed to play an important role in binder properties even after subjecting to long-term aging processes; 4) the microstructures on morphology images seemed to have a good relation with the engineering properties of warm CRM binders.
The mixture design and performance characteristics of crumb rubber modified asphalt concretes were investigated in this research project to meet the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, which has required each State to incorporate scrap tire rubber into its asphalt paving materials. Specifically, the objectives of this research encompass the following: (i) investigation of the rheological properties of asphalt-rubber binder to determine optimum content of crumb rubber; (ii) development of optimum mix design for various applications, including both wet and dry mix processes; (iii) characterization of mechanical properties of recommended paving mixtures, including resilient modulus, fatigue cracking behavior, low-temperature thermal cracking resistance, water sensitivity test, incremental creep test and loaded wheel track test; and (iv) comparison of performance of selected paving mixes.
The design and construction of “long and deep” tunnels, i.e. tunnels under mountains, characterised by either considerable length and/or overburden, represent a considerable challenge. The scope of this book is not to instruct how to design and construct such tunnels but to share a method to identify the potential hazards related to the process of designing and constructing long and deep tunnels, to produce a relevant comprehensive analysis and listing, to quantify the probability and consequences, and to design proper mitigation measures and countermeasures. The design, developed using probabilistic methods, is verified during execution by means of the so called Plan for Advance of the Tunnel (PAT) method, which allows adapting the design and control parameters of the future stretches of the tunnel to the results of the stretches already finished, using the monitoring data base. Numerous criteria are given to identify the key parameters, necessary for the PAT procedure. Best practices of excavation management with the help of real time monitoring and control are also provided. Furthermore cost and time evaluation systems are analysed. Finally, contractual aspects related to construction by contract are investigated, for best development and application of models more appropriate for tunnelling-construction contracts. The work will be of interest to practising engineers, designers, consultants and students in mining, underground, tunnelling, transportation and construction engineering, as well as to foundation and geological engineers, urban planners/developers and architects.
Focusing on asphalt paving technology, this work emphasizes quality control and quality assurance programmes in producing high-quality pavements. It combines theory and practice of asphalt paving including developments and information from the recently completed Strategic Highway Research Program which was designed to improve asphalt specifications, mix design and analysis systems.
Internationally, much attention is given to causes, prevention, and rehabilitation of cracking in concrete, flexible, and composite pavements. The Sixth RILEMInternational Conference on Cracking in Pavements (Chicago, June 16-18, 2008) provided a forum for discussion of recent developments and research results.This book is a collection of papers fr