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How do governments in Africa make decisions about language? What does language have to do with state-building, and what impact might it have on democracy? This manuscript provides a longue durée explanation for policies toward language in Africa, taking the reader through colonial, independence, and contemporary periods. It explains the growing trend toward the use of multiple languages in education as a result of new opportunities and incentives. The opportunities incorporate ideational relationships with former colonizers as well as the work of language NGOs on the ground. The incentives relate to the current requirements of democratic institutions, and the strategies leaders devise to win elections within these constraints. By contrasting the environment faced by African leaders with that faced by European state-builders, it explains the weakness of education and limited spread of standard languages on the continent. The work combines constructivist understanding about changing preferences with realist insights about the strategies leaders employ to maintain power.
This open access edited volume offers an analysis of the entangled histories of education and development in twentieth-century Africa. It deals with the plurality of actors that competed and collaborated to formulate educational and developmental paradigms and projects: debating their utility and purpose, pondering their necessity and risk, and evaluating their intended and unintended consequences in colonial and postcolonial moments. Since the late nineteenth century, the “educability” of the native was the subject of several debates and experiments: numerous voices, arguments, and agendas emerged, involving multiple institutions and experts, governmental and non-governmental, religious and laic, operating from the corridors of international organizations to the towns and rural villages of Africa. This plurality of expressions of political, social, cultural, and economic imagination of education and development is at the core of this collective work.
In these two volumes of original essays, scholars from around the world address the history of British colonial cinema stretching from the emergence of cinema at the height of imperialism, to moments of decolonization andthe ending of formal imperialism in the post-Second World War.
The Fruits of Freedom in British Togoland examines the history and politics behind the failed project of Togoland reunification, in which the United Nations trust territory of British Togoland was to be separated from the Gold Coast to join with French Togoland in a new independent African state.
The end of World War I saw the former German protectorate of Togoland split into British- and French-administered territories. By the 1950s a political movement led by the Ewe ethnic group called for the unification of British and French Togoland into an independent multiethnic state. Despite the efforts of the Ewe, the United Nations trust territory of British Togoland was ultimately merged with the Gold Coast to become Ghana, the first independent nation in sub-Saharan Africa; French Togoland later declared independence as the nation of Togo. Based on interviews with former political activists and their families, access to private papers, and a collection of oral and written propaganda, this book examines the history and politics behind the failed project of Togoland unification. Kate Skinner challenges the marginalization of the Togoland question from popular and academic analyses of postcolonial politics and explores present-day ramifications of the contingencies of decolonization.
This book investigates development in British, French and Portuguese colonial Africa during the last decades of colonial rule. During this period, development became the central concept underpinning the relationship between metropolitan Europe and colonial Africa. Combining historiographical accounts with analyses from other academic viewpoints, this book investigates a range of contexts, from agriculture to mass media. With its focus on the conceptual side of development and its broad geographical scope, it offers new and unique perspectives. An extensive introduction contextualises the individual chapters and makes the book an up-to-date point of entry into the subject of colonial development, not only for a specialist readership, but also for students of history, development and postcolonial studies. Written by scholars from Africa, Europe and North America, Developing Africa is a uniquely international dialogue on this vital chapter of twentieth-century transnational history.
This is Volume II of twenty-eight in a series on the Sociology of Education. Originally published in 1958, this is a comparative study of adult education in that starts with a historical review of the provision in England before 1850, between the Wars and beyond as well as delving into the characterises and personality of the adult student. The author’s travels to the United States, Germany, the West Indies, Australia, the Middle East, Scandinavia, India, China and East Africa extends the study with examples of these countries and systems. All of which has convinced the author that educational problems for the future must be regarded as world problems; and this applies in particular to the problems of adult education. It is in this latter field that we have most to learn from each other and, in the process, most to contribute to international understanding.
Education and Educational Research: Society, Schools, and Progress in Tanzania focuses on the educational system in Tanzania. The book first offers information on the economy, territorial domain, form of government, and progress of education in Tanzania. The text also outlines the road to independence of this country. The rise of the African people to political power and the introduction to international relations are underscored. The text also examines the policies and administration of the Tanzanian government from 1945 to 1961. The selection also traces the development of education in Tanzania in two periods: 1945 to 1956 and 1957 until 1961. The institution of educational programs, reforms, and legislation during these periods, as well as the development of education outside the school system, are underlined. The text also examines the policies and administration of the Tanzanian government from 1961 to 1966, and also the progress in education during this period. The educational reforms, programs, and legislation instituted during 1961 to 1966 are then discussed. The book is a vital source of data for readers interested in the development of education in Tanzania.
Reissuing works originally published between 1962 and 1995, this collection is made up of volumes that examine insights and data from the practises and situation in one country or area when considering educational practice elsewhere. Many important educational questions are examined from this international and comparative perspective in these volumes. Countries represented here include Russia, the Caribbean, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand, China, France, Japan, Israel, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Many of the volumes look at the whole area of comparative education and its methods and theories, while one looks at the Unesco literacy program.