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Algal systematists, geologists and evolutionary biologists provide a synthesis of the evolutionary biogeography of red, brown, and green algae of the North Atlantic Ocean also considering their relationships with species and genera in the Arctic and Pacific Oceans as well as other subtropical and tropical seas. The history of the Atlantic Basin and its connections to other ocean basins is treated from the geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic perspective. This is contrasted with biogeographic analyses of marine animal systems and the role of plant/animal interactions in evolution. Some of the approaches include traditional systematic studies, cladistic analysis, the experimental evaluation of environment in establishing distribution limits and the application of molecular biology.
The current warming trends in the Arctic may shove the Arctic system into a seasonally ice-free state not seen for more than one million years. The melting is accelerating, and researchers were unable to identify natural processes that might slow the deicing of the Arctic. Such substantial additional melting of Arctic and Antarctic glaciers and ice sheets would raise the sea level worldwide, flooding the coastal areas where many of the world's population lives. Studies, led by scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the University of Arizona, show that greenhouse gas increases over the next century could warm the Arctic by 3-5°C in summertime. Thus, Arctic summers by 2100 may be as warm as they were nearly 130,000 years ago, when sea levels eventually rose up to 6 m higher than today.