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"The epidemics attributable to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and to other sexually transmitted infections (STI) remain a significant public health problem in Europe. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) was established in 2005 with the objective of strengthening the capacity of the European Union (EU) to prevent and control infectious diseases, with HIV and other STI being among the priority diseases. Surveillance is an important task in this respect, and ECDC has a strong mandate to maintain and coordinate the databases for EU-wide surveillance of communicable diseases. Second generation surveillance (SGS) refers to surveillance that combines both the monitoring of biological (new cases of HIV/AIDS and STI) and behavioural indicators (e.g. sexual behaviour, use of protection). This approach is of importance both in informing policy development and in evaluating its outcome. In 2008, the ECDC tasked an international team of experts to produce an in-depth analysis of the current state of the art regarding behavioural surveillance programmes related to HIV and STI in European countries and to develop a proposal for a framework for the implementation of a key set of behavioural indicators related to HIV and STI in Europe. This report presents a mapping of behavioural surveillance systems related to HIV and STI in the EU Member States and in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries. Surveillance is examined in the following populations: general population, youth, injecting drug users (IDU), men who have sex with men (MSM), people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), sex workers, STI clinic clients, migrant and ethnic minorities." - p. 1
This report is an in-depth analysis of the current situation regarding behavioural surveillance programmes related to HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in EU and EFTA countries. Surveillance is examined in the following populations: general population, youth, injecting drug users (IDU), men who have sex with men (MSM), people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), sex workers, STI clinic clients, migrant and ethnic minorities.Resulting from the overall analysis, core indicators, common to all populations, are proposed. These relate to the number of sexual partners, use of a condom at last intercourse, having had an HIV test, having paid for sex, and HIV knowledge.Possible target readership: public health officials, surveillance experts, HIV/STI experts, policymakers.
Sexual Behaviour and HIV/AIDS in Europe is the first book to compare the major population surveys on sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS carried out in Europe in recent years. Leading European researchers explore the differences and similarities between European countries in patterns of sexual behaviour and responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. As well as providing an empirical and methodological base for future research, the comparative analyses lead researchers, policy makers, health-educators and the media to new insights and a deeper understanding of issues that are of central concern in many countries. The chapters include discussion of data on sexual initiation, homosexual and bisexual behaviour, sexual practices, sexual partners, risk behaviour, STDs, preventive practices, the normative context, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS. The book results from a major European Concerted Action, funded by the European Union Biomedical and Health Research programme (BIOMED), and coordinated by the Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques of the Facultes Universitaires Saint-Louis, Brussels, Belgium. It follows Sexual Interactions and HIV Risk, published in 1997.
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
"This report contains a compilation and summary of publications regarding outbreaks and increasing trends of HIV and STI among MSM, and an evaluation of prevention interventions targeted at MSM as part of programme responses to STI and HIV epidemics or as part of interventions following outbreaks. It includes a review of the evaluation of prevention interventions as well as a synopsis of knowledge gaps in outcome evaluations. The report is organised in three parts. The first part provides an updated inventory of STI and HIV trends among MSM in Europe from 1995 to 2010 (literature review, trend analyses of the available data in The European Surveillance System1, a survey among EU Member States). The second part is a literature review of behavioural and psychosocial STI and HIV prevention interventions among MSM from 1995 to 2010 (timing, target group, focus of interventions, intervention characteristics, utilisation of theoretical framework). The third part is a review of evaluation of prevention interventions with respect to study design, outcomes, level of evidence produced and analysis of intervention elements associated with efficacy. The main findings of this work were discussed during a multidisciplinary expert meeting in 2011 with the aim of discussing the future of key prevention interventions among MSM at the European level."--Editor.
One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research.
This report describes the dynamics of HIV epidemics among vulnerable and high risk populations in the European region, in particular people who inject drugs, sex workers, and men who have sex with men. It aims to inform future HIV responses and guide HIV prevention surveillance and research.