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This unique and comprehensive text considers all aspects of heat exchanger fouling from the basic science of how surfaces become fouled to very practical ways of mitigating the problem and from mathematical modelling of different fouling mechanisms to practical methods of heat exchanger cleaning. The problems that restrict the efficient operation of equipment are described and the costs, some of them hidden costs, that are associated with the fouling of heat exchangers are discussed. Some simple concepts and models of the fouling processes are presented as part of the introduction to the subject.Advice on the selection, design, installation and commissioning of heat exchangers to minimise fouling is given. A large part of the text is devoted to the use of chemical and other additives to reduce or eliminate the problem of fouling. Another large section is designed to give information on both on-line and off-line cleaning of heat exchangers. One of the difficulties faced by designers and operators of heat exchangers is anticipating the likely extent of fouling problems to be encountered with different flow streams. Another large section addresses the question and describes methods that have been used in attempting to define fouling potential. The book concludes with a chapter on how fouling information can be obtained using plant data, field tests and laboratory studies.
On cover: IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)
The Chemistry of Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium deals with the chemistry of manganese, technetium, and rhenium and covers topics ranging from the occurrence and metallurgy of all three elements to their properties and compounds. Among the compounds considered are manganese halides, cyanides, and oxides as well as carbonyls and organometallic compounds, thiocyanate complexes, and chalcogenides. This volume is divided into three sections and opens with an overview of the history and occurrence of manganese, along with its metallurgy, uses, and properties. A variety of manganese compounds are examined, including halides and cyanides, sulfides and selenides, tellurides and borates, and nitrites and nitrates. The next two sections focus on technetium and rhenium, their discovery, isolation, and general properties. Compounds of both elements are described, including hydridic compounds, cyanide and thiocyanate complexes, and oxoacids and salts. Perrhenic acid and the perrhenates are also discussed, together with chalcogenides and refractory compounds, carbonyls, and organometallic derivatives. This book will be a valuable source of information for inorganic chemists.
The past 15 years have seen tremendous progress in manganese chemistry, with the low cost of this metal making it an attractive choice as a functional group in organic syntheses. Surveying key compounds and reaction intermediates used in organic syntheses, this is the first volume in the Patai Series to focus on manganese in organic and organometallic chemistry. With contributions by leading experts, the book delivers the usual high quality of the Patai series. It also emphasizes novel applications in organic synthesis as well as technological trends in industrial, biomedical, and materials science.
Manganese Catalysis in Organic Synthesis A must-read reference for anyone interested in catalyst design and sustainable organic synthesis In Manganese Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, distinguished researcher Jean-Baptiste Sortais delivers an insightful and robust overview of the use of manganese in homogenous catalysis. The editor includes papers from authoritative academics describing the organometallic precursors used to develop manganese catalysts and covers critical applications in organic synthesis, including reduction to oxidation reactions, C-C, C-N, C-X bond formation reactions, cross-coupling reactions, C-H bond activation to dihydroxylation and epoxidation reactions. Manganese Catalysis in Organic Synthesis is a practical resource for every organic chemist in academia and industry with an interest in non-noble metal catalysis, organic synthesis, and sustainable chemistry. It is intuitively and clearly organized, covering the most important synthetic procedures using homogenous manganese catalysts. It is also the ideal companion to works like Cobalt Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, and Iron Complexes in Catalysis. Readers will also enjoy: Thorough introductions to organometallic manganese compounds in organic synthesis and manganese-catalyzed hydrogenation and hydrogen transfer reactions A comprehensive exploration of manganese-catalyzed hydrogen borrowing reactions and dehydrogenative coupling reactions Practical discussions of manganese-catalyzed hydrosilylation and hydroboration reactions and manganese-catalyzed electro- and photocatalysis transformations In-depth examinations of manganese-catalyzed C-H oxygenation reactions and manganese-catalyzed organometallic C-H activation Insightful treatments of manganese-catalyzed cross-coupling processes and manganese(III) acetate mediated cyclizations Perfect for catalytic, organic, and pharmaceutical chemists, Manganese Catalysis in Organic Synthesis deserves a place in the libraries of researchers and professionals interested in catalyst design and sustainable organic synthesis.
Manganese in the diet is nutritionally essential for normal physiologic functioning. However, excessive exposure to manganese has been associated with developmental, neurodegenerative and other disorders. The book comprehensively covers the toxicology of manganese. Leading investigators provide perspectives from toxicology, neuroscience, nutrition, molecular biology and risk assessment disciplines and chapters cover the toxicokinetics, toxicodynamic interactions and health effects of manganese, as well as its potential role in neurodegenerative diseases. A large section devoted to health effects presents the latest research that associates manganese exposure to potential human diseases. Any scientists, health professional or regulator involved with metal exposure and toxicology should find this volume essential reading. Students and researchers in neurotoxicology will also find this book a useful reference.
Metal oxides constitute one of the most amazing classes of materials with a wide range of properties. They exhibit a variety of phenomena, such as ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism and superconductivity. A new aspect of metal oxides -- colossal magnetoresistance exhibited by certain manganese oxides, in particular rare earth manganates of perovskite structure -- has received much attention in the last four years. Some of these oxides show 100% magnetoresistance and have much potential for technological applications. Previously this phenomenon was found only in layered and granular metallic materials. Studies of colossal magnetoresistance have led to the discovery of many other new phenomena and properties such as charge ordering and orbital ordering. In view of the importance of colossal magnetoresistance, charge ordering and related phenomena exhibited by oxides to the physics and chemistry of solid materials, it is necessary and timely to have a book dealing with these topics. This book begins with a review of the subject followed by contributions from a number of experts which cover the present status of the subject.
A readable, informative, fascinating entry on each one of the 100-odd chemical elements, arranged alphabetically from actinium to zirconium. Each entry comprises an explanation of where the element's name comes from, followed by Body element (the role it plays in living things), Element ofhistory (how and when it was discovered), Economic element (what it is used for), Environmental element (where it occurs, how much), Chemical element (facts, figures and narrative), and Element of surprise (an amazing, little-known fact about it). A wonderful 'dipping into' source for the familyreference shelf and for students.
A comprehensive reference handbook on the important aspects of trace elements in the land environment. Each chapter addresses a particular element and gives a general introduction to their role in the environment, where they come from, and their biogeochemical cycles. In addition to a complete updating of each of the element chapters, this new edition has new chapters devoted to aluminum and iron, soil contamination, remediation and trace elements in aquatic ecosystems. In short, an essential resource for environmental scientists and chemists, regulators and policy makers.