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The Three Affiliated Tribes (TAT) representing the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation (MHA Nation) is a sovereign Indian nation with inherent powers of self-government. The MHA Nation has requested that United States Department of the Interior (DOI)-Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) accept 468.39 acres of land into trust status for the Tribes. This land is located within the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation boundaries. The land proposed to be taken into trust is located in the northeast corner of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation along the south side of North Dakota Highway 23, about 2 miles west of the turnoff to Makoti, North Dakota in Sections 19 and 20 of Township 152 North, Range 87 West. The MHA Nation proposes to construct and operate a new 13,000 barrel (bbl) of production per day clean fuels refinery and grow hay for buffalo on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation located near Makoti, North Dakota. The MHA Nation would own the refinery. The proposed facility would refine synthetic crude oil from Canada into gasoline and diesel fuels. The MHA Nation has also applied to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for a Clean Water Act (CWA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) wastewater discharge permit for the refinery. The refinery would be considered a "new source" under the NPDES permit regulations.
In the years following World War II many multi-national energy firms, bolstered by outdated U.S. federal laws, turned their attention to the abundant resources buried beneath Native American reservations. By the 1970s, however, a coalition of Native Americans in the Northern Plains had successfully blocked the efforts of powerful energy corporations to develop coal reserves on sovereign Indian land. This challenge to corporate and federal authorities, initiated by the Crow and Northern Cheyenne nations, changed the laws of the land to expand Native American sovereignty while simultaneously reshaping Native identities and Indian Country itself. James Allison makes an important contribution to ethnic, environmental, and energy studies with this unique exploration of the influence of America’s indigenous peoples on energy policy and development. Allison’s fascinating history documents how certain federally supported, often environmentally damaging, energy projects were perceived by American Indians as potentially disruptive to indigenous lifeways. These perceived threats sparked a pan-tribal resistance movement that ultimately increased Native American autonomy over reservation lands and enabled an unprecedented boom in tribal entrepreneurship. At the same time, the author demonstrates how this movement generated great controversy within Native American communities, inspiring intense debates over culturally authentic forms of indigenous governance and the proper management of tribal lands.