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Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2024 in the subject Environmental Sciences - Sustainability, grade: PhD, Andhra University (Andhra University), course: Environemntal Science, language: English, abstract: The present study concentrated on the prediction of Malaria risk zones in the study area. According to WHO 2022 report, the disease claimed the lives of almost 274,000 kids under the age of five, or 67% of all malaria deaths worldwide. Major causes of death among children vary by age. It reflects that “Every two minutes, a child dies from malaria”. Also, it emphasizes third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-3), which Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, the world is not on a trajectory to achieve the SDG 3 target of ending malaria by 2030. Beside many Malaria reduction programs initiated by the local government and WHO, that reduced the impact of Malaria in many parts of the world. But the UN and WHO objective the Malaria should be endemic by 2030. In addition, The Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) world malaria statistics also shows that the malaria fatality is reduced from 8,92,032 to 6,26,909 during the years 2001-2020. The study area comprises of 12 Tribal population impacted mandals that covers 6,519.9 Sq. Km and chosen study area is prone to malaria disease. In order to reduce the Malaria hazard impact in the study area a right, the hotspot prediction method is needed which is of high importance. The present research proposed and developed a novel Spatial Analysis for Malaria Risk Reduction (SAMRR). The prediction accuracy of the SAMRR is very high compared with other Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. This work focuses on six objects related to ‘Malaria Health Hazard Risk Reduction’ with GIS and Machine Learning (ML) procedures. Data collected from various national and international research and academic repositories such as APSAC, APSDPS and DMFW dept. related to demographic, health and environmental aspects that are help to evaluate the malaria incidence in the study area.
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There are more than 1.1 million deaths per year from malaria, mostly among children less than five years old. The disease is preventable and curable with available technologies, but , in the absence of strong and sustained malaria control efforts, coverage with effective interventions is low, particularly among the poor. Malaria impairs economic growth and human development in many of the World Bank's client countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Bank has the capacity to do a lot more than it has in malaria control, including financing, policy advice, and implementation support. It will support countries to develop and implement programs to (i) cost-effectively reduce morbidity, productivity losses in multiple sectors, and mortality due to malaria, particularly among the poor and among children and pregnant women; and (ii) address the challenges of regional and global public goods.
This book investigates the spatial distribution of potential temperature-driven malaria transmissions, using the basic reproduction rate (R0) to model the reproduction of the malaria pathogen Plasmodium vivax. The authors mapped areas at risk of an outbreak of tertian malaria in the federal state of Lower Saxony (pre-study) and for whole Germany (main-study) by means of geostatistics for past (1947-2007) and future periods. Projections based on predicted monthly mean air temperature data derived from the IPCC and regionally discriminated by two regional climate models (REMO, WettReg) for the countrywide study.
Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death. This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities. The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the: Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria. Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector. Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments. Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.
Among the many who serve in the United States Armed Forces and who are deployed to distant locations around the world, myriad health threats are encountered. In addition to those associated with the disruption of their home life and potential for combat, they may face distinctive disease threats that are specific to the locations to which they are deployed. U.S. forces have been deployed many times over the years to areas in which malaria is endemic, including in parts of Afghanistan and Iraq. Department of Defense (DoD) policy requires that antimalarial drugs be issued and regimens adhered to for deployments to malaria-endemic areas. Policies directing which should be used as first and as second-line agents have evolved over time based on new data regarding adverse events or precautions for specific underlying health conditions, areas of deployment, and other operational factors At the request of the Veterans Administration, Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis assesses the scientific evidence regarding the potential for long-term health effects resulting from the use of antimalarial drugs that were approved by FDA or used by U.S. service members for malaria prophylaxis, with a focus on mefloquine, tafenoquine, and other antimalarial drugs that have been used by DoD in the past 25 years. This report offers conclusions based on available evidence regarding associations of persistent or latent adverse events.
For more than 50 years, low-cost antimalarial drugs silently saved millions of lives and cured billions of debilitating infections. Today, however, these drugs no longer work against the deadliest form of malaria that exists throughout the world. Malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africaâ€"currently just over one million per yearâ€"are rising because of increased resistance to the old, inexpensive drugs. Although effective new drugs called "artemisinins" are available, they are unaffordable for the majority of the affected population, even at a cost of one dollar per course. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance examines the history of malaria treatments, provides an overview of the current drug crisis, and offers recommendations on maximizing access to and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. The book finds that most people in endemic countries will not have access to currently effective combination treatments, which should include an artemisinin, without financing from the global community. Without funding for effective treatment, malaria mortality could double over the next 10 to 20 years and transmission will intensify.
In 2016, at the request of the WHO Director-General, a group of scientists and public health experts from around the world were brought together to advise WHO on future scenarios for malaria, including whether eradication was feasible. Over three years, the members of the Strategic Advisory Group on Malaria Eradication (SAGme) analysed trends and reviewed future projections for the factors and determinants that underpin malaria. Our analysis and discussions reaffirmed that eradication will result in millions of lives saved and a return on investment of billions of dollars. We did not identify biological or environmental barriers to malaria eradication. In addition, our review of models accounting for a variety of global trends in the human and biophysical environment over the next three decades suggests that the world of the future will have much less malaria to contend with. However, even with our most optimistic scenarios and projections, we face an unavoidable fact: using current tools, we will still have 11 million cases of malaria in Africa in 2050. Under these circumstances, it is impossible to set a target date for malaria eradication, to formulate a reliable operational plan for malaria eradication or to give it a price tag. Our current priority should be to establish the foundation for a successful future eradication effort. At the same time, we need to guard against the risk of failure, as such failure might lead to the waste of huge sums of money, frustrate all those involved (national governments and malaria experts alike), and cause a lack of confidence in the global health community's ability to rid the world of this disease. We need a renewed drive towards research and development (R&D) on vector control, chemotherapy and vaccines in order to develop the transformative tools and knowledge base necessary for achieving eradication in the highest burden areas. We need political leadership that makes effective and efficient use of increased domestic and international funding. We need bespoke national and subnational strategies guided by improved use of data and stronger delivery systems to provide the appropriate mix of services to all those in need, without financial hardship. We need strengthened cross-border, regional and international cooperation on malaria control and elimination efforts worldwide. When these critical foundations are laid, we believe that the world will be in a much stronger position to make the final and credible push for eradication. As we complete our work in 2019, we recognize that the world stands at a crossroads in the fight against malaria. Despite huge progress in reducing malaria cases and deaths between 2000 and 2015, in the last five years, we have witnessed the stalling of global progress. The world is not on track to meet the 2020 milestones that will lead us to lower case incidence and mortality by 90% by 2030 (from 2015 levels) (5). Without massive concerted and coordinated action, we are unlikely to meet these targets. While we are certain that eradication by a specific date is not a promise we can make to the world just yet, there is a clear agenda - beginning with getting back on track to achieve the goals of the GTS - that should immediately be pursued to make eradication possible.
The fifth Millennium Development target of reducing infant mortality by two thirds by the year 2015 can only be achieved if mortality due to malaria is significantly reduced. WHO recommends early detection and treatment among high-risk groups as one of the strategies for reducing the malaria burden. To be effective, this approach requires an early warning system which enables the health care system to be well-prepared and to allocate scarce resources effectively. Unfortunately, such a system is still not available at the appropriate scale. This book addresses this issue by developing a dynamic malaria transmission model at a local (district) scale using appropriate environmental factors. This dynamic model, driven by temperature and rainfall, successfully simulates seasonal vector abundance and also predicts successfully the monthly malaria incidence. Additionally through a detailed and innovative methodology this pioneering book enables scientists to replicate the study elsewhere in different settings.