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The impoundage of flowing streams profoundly alters the biology of the affected waters. One of the changes may be a vast increase in the potential for anopheline mosquito production unless appropriate control works and procedures are planned, designed, and operated. The choice is, therefore, between the probability of a disastrous "man-made" increase in transmission of malaria or a successful resolution of the continuing conflict between adverse biological pressures and control practices. There is no ready-made formula which is applicable under all circumstances to all impoundments, for variations in ecological conditions and the primary purposes of water control are practically infinite. Hence, plans for malaria control on impounded water, though following basic principles, must be specifically adapted in method to each particular project by the selection of specifically applicable alternatives as delineated by local ecology and objectives. This publication records a comprehensive body of experience in the design and operation of programs of malaria prevention on impounded water and, while certain principles here presented seem to have been established with at least a measure of finality, this manual is no final word on the subject. On the contrary, it is essentially a report of progress submitted for such value as it may have to others confronted by similar tasks.
As the COVID-19 virus swept across the nation in spring 2020, infection and hospitalization rates in states like West Virginia remained relatively low. By that July, each of Appalachia's 423 counties had recorded confirmed cases. The coronavirus pandemic has taken an enormous toll on the health of individuals and institutions throughout the region—a stark reminder that even isolated rural populations are subject to historical, biological, ecological, and geographical factors that have continually created epidemics over the past millennia. In Appalachian Epidemics: From Smallpox to COVID-19, scholars from diverse disciplinary backgrounds assess two centuries of public health emergencies and the subsequent responses. This volume peers into the trans–Appalachian South's experience with illness, challenging the misconception that rurality provides protection against maladies. In addition to surveying the impact of influenza, polio, and Lyme disease outbreaks, Appalachian Epidemics addresses the less-understood social determinants of health. The effects of the opioid crisis and industrial coal mining complicate the definition of disease and illuminate avenues for responding to future public health threats. From the significance of regional stereotypes to the spread of misinformation and the impact of racism and poverty on public health policy, Appalachian Epidemics makes clear that many of the natural, political, and socioeconomic forces currently shaping the region's experiences with COVID-19 and other crises have historical antecedents.
Technology in American Water Development is an exploratory study. This book addresses the proven technology which has influenced water development in the past, those still effective in shaping its course and the emerging technology of today. The heart of this study is in the thirty-one case descriptions selected from both the emerging and proven technology. Each case description has been treated as briefly as is consistent with clarity, and nontechnical language has been used wherever possible. This title will help to introduce engineers and physical scientists to the administrative problems and opportunities which stem from their works.
Kentucky Dam, the lowermost and the largest of the multiple-purpose projects of the Tennessee River system, is the key to effective control of discharges from the Tennessee, the largest tributary of the Ohio River. Located at river mile 22.4, Kentucky Dam is only 67.4 river-miles above Cairo, Illinois, and its large reservoir with more than 4,000,000 acre-feet of flood storage capacity occupies as strategic position for the reduction of flood crests on the lower Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The navigation lock at this project forms the lower gateway to the 184-mile long Kentucky Reservoir, one of a chain of nine reservoirs extending a year-round 9-foot navigation channel more than 600 miles to Knoxville, Tennessee, and connects this system of reservoirs to the major inland waterways of the great central Mississippi Valley with outlets for navigation to the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico.