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Identifies all known tobacco control ordinances at the local level in the U.S. Examines trends in the passage of local ordinances in 2 major policy areas: limiting smoking to protect nonsmokers, and reducing youth access to tobacco. Includes model ordinances based on existing laws for the assistance of policymakers at the community level. Charts and tables.
The adoption of local ordinances regulating the use or sale of tobacco represents an extraordinary social trend in the United States. Although such laws were virtually unheard of just a decade ago, hundreds of cities and counties across this country have taken aggressive action to control smoking in public settings as well as making it more difficult for minors to obtain tobacco. Major Local Tobacco Control Ordinances in the United States provides clear documentation of the extent to which local com­ munities are enacting legislation to restrict or severely curtail tobacco use. The monograph also represents a social barometer regarding the seriousness with which communities view the smoking problem and the range of remedial actions taken to reduce tobacco use through socially responsible public policies. These ordinances are not based on social whim, however, but are based on decades of scientific research, which has increasingly documented the health consequences of tobacco for users and non-users alike. Since the early 1960's, medical science has left no doubt about the deadly nature of tobacco use, especially the practice of cigarette smoking. The scientific data base establishing a causal connection between smoking and increased death rates from various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive lung diseases, fetal distress, and other chronic and debilitating conditions is truly staggering. Between 1960 and 1990, more than 60,000 scientific citations appeared in the worldwide literature linking cigarettes and other forms of tobacco use to these adverse health outcomes. Smoking is a health hazard in its own right, but smoking potentiates the risks of several environmental and occupational carcinogens. More than 400,000 premature deaths annually occur in the United States directly attributed to the effects of cigarette smoking. Of course, we should recall that even smokeless tobacco is a health hazard. Such high levels of death and disability affect us all, however, whether we smoke or not. In a comprehensive study conducted by the Congress' Office of Technology Assessment in 1985, it was estimated that cigarette smoking alone cost this Nation upwards of $95 billion annually. Given the spiraling increase in costs for both acute and long-term health care over just the last few years, such costs would be substantially greater in 1993 dollars. As a Nation, we simply cannot afford to pay for the health care costs associated with smoking. Major Local Tobacco Control Ordinances in the United States should also provide a tangible boost for local tobacco control policy development. It contains a comprehensive review of local and State tobacco control legislation, trends in tobacco control ordinances, and model laws for reducing both nonsmokers' exposure to ETS and youth access to tobacco products. It is, in short, a call to action to all who wish to improve the health of our Nation through reasonable and prudent public health policies that reduce tobacco addiction among our young and protect nonsmokers from the documented hazards of environmental tobacco smoke. Nevertheless, true prevention of smoking-related illnesses must depend on individual responsibility and action. Each of us as individuals must do our part.
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in United States, causing more than 440,000 deaths annually and resulting in $193 billion in health-related economic losses each year-$96 billion in direct medical costs and $97 billion in lost productivity. Since the first U.S. Surgeon General's report on smoking in 1964, more than 29 Surgeon General's reports, drawing on data from thousands of studies, have documented the overwhelming and conclusive biologic, epidemiologic, behavioral, and pharmacologic evidence that tobacco use is deadly. This evidence base links tobacco use to the development of multiple types of cancer and other life-threatening conditions, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Smoking accounts for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths, and 80 percent of lung cancer deaths. Despite the widespread agreement on the dangers of tobacco use and considerable success in reducing tobacco use prevalence from over 40 percent at the time of the 1964 Surgeon General's report to less than 20 percent today, recent progress in reducing tobacco use has slowed. An estimated 18.9 percent of U.S. adults smoke cigarettes, nearly one in four high school seniors smoke, and 13 percent of high school males use smokeless tobacco products. In recognition that progress in combating cancer will not be fully achieved without addressing the tobacco problem, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a public workshop, Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality, June 11-12, 2012 in Washington, DC. In opening remarks to the workshop participants, planning committee chair Roy Herbst, professor of medicine and of pharmacology and chief of medical oncology at Yale Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital, described the goals of the workshop, which were to examine the current obstacles to tobacco control and to discuss potential policy, outreach, and treatment strategies that could overcome these obstacles and reduce tobacco-related cancer incidence and mortality. Experts explored a number of topics, including: the changing demographics of tobacco users and the changing patterns of tobacco product use; the influence of tobacco use on cancer incidence and cancer treatment outcomes; tobacco dependence and cessation programs; federal and state level laws and regulations to curtail tobacco use; tobacco control education, messaging, and advocacy; financial and legal challenges to tobacco control efforts; and research and infrastructure needs to support tobacco control strategies, reduce tobacco related cancer incidence, and improve cancer patient outcomes. Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality summarizes the workshop.
All known local tobacco control ordinances in the US that have one or more of the following provisions--clean indoor air, youth access, or restrictions on tobacco advertising and promotion.