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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a modality available on most clinical MR scanners and readily integrated with standard MR imaging (MRI). For the brain in particular, MRS has been a powerful research tool providing additional clinically relevant information for several disease families such as brain tumors, metabolic disorders, and systemic diseases. The most widely-available MRS method, proton (1H; hydrogen) spectroscopy, is FDA approved for general use in the US and can be ordered by clinicians for patient studies if indicated. There are several books available that describe applications of MRS in adults. However, to the best of our knowledge there is currently no book available that focuses exclusively on applications in pediatrics. MR spectroscopy in the pediatric population is different from adults for two main reasons. Particularly in the newborn phase the brain undergoes biochemical maturation with dramatic changes of the "normal" biochemical fingerprint. Secondly, brain diseases in the pediatric population are different from adult disorders. For example, brain tumors, which are mostly gliomas in the adults, often originate from different cell types and are also more diverse even within the same type and grade of tumor. This diversity of diseases and its implications for MR spectroscopy has not been addressed sufficiently in the literature, we believe. The target audience for "MR Spectroscopy of Pediatric Brain Disorders" are thus both clinicians and researchers involved with pediatric brain disorders. This includes radiologists, neurologists, neurooncologists, neurosurgeons, and more broadly the neuroscience and neurobiology community. This book will provide the necessary background information to understand the basics of MR spectroscopy. This will be followed by a detailed discussion of the normal biochemical maturation which will highlight the metabolic differences between the pediatric and adult brain. Thereafter, in SECTION I individual chapters will address various pediatric brain disease families. Of particular importance for pediatrics are case studies. For that reason, SECTION II will contain a large number of case studies. This will be particularly important for clinicians who may want to see examples of MRS for various conditions. A standardized format will be used for case reports that allow the reader to quickly understand the history of each case presented and the significance of the findings. The case reports will also include information from other imaging modalities to point out any added value of MRS in addition to conventional studies and clinical information. This section is necessary because the format of providing more complete information about individual patients is not practical for the chapters in SECTION I.
Handbook of Pediatric Brain Imaging: Methods and Applications presents state-of-the-art research on pediatric brain image acquisition and analysis from a broad range of imaging modalities, including MRI, EEG and MEG. With rapidly developing methods and applications of MRI, this book strongly emphasizes pediatric brain MRI, elaborating on the sub-categories of structure MRI, diffusion MRI, functional MRI, perfusion MRI and other MRI methods. It integrates a pediatric brain imaging perspective into imaging acquisition and analysis methods, covering head motion, small brain sizes, small cerebral blood flow of neonates, dynamic cortical gyrification, white matter tract growth, and much more. Presents state-of-the-art pediatric brain imaging methods and applications Shows how to optimize the pediatric neuroimaging acquisition and analysis protocols Illustrates how to obtain quantitative structural, functional and physiological measurements
Established as the leading textbook on imaging diagnosis of brain and spine disorders, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spine is now in its Fourth Edition. This thoroughly updated two-volume reference delivers cutting-edge information on nearly every aspect of clinical neuroradiology. Expert neuroradiologists, innovative renowned MRI physicists, and experienced leading clinical neurospecialists from all over the world show how to generate state-of-the-art images and define diagnoses from crucial clinical/pathologic MR imaging correlations for neurologic, neurosurgical, and psychiatric diseases spanning fetal CNS anomalies to disorders of the aging brain. Highlights of this edition include over 6,800 images of remarkable quality, more color images, and new information using advanced techniques, including perfusion and diffusion MRI and functional MRI. A companion Website will offer the fully searchable text and an image bank.
This book describes the basics, the challenges and the limitations of state of the art brain tumor imaging and examines in detail its impact on diagnosis and treatment monitoring. It opens with an introduction to the clinically relevant physical principles of brain imaging. Since MR methodology plays a crucial role in brain imaging, the fundamental aspects of MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion and diffusion-weighted MR methods are described, focusing on the specific demands of brain tumor imaging. The potential and the limits of new imaging methodology are carefully addressed and compared to conventional MR imaging. In the main part of the book, the most important imaging criteria for the differential diagnosis of solid and necrotic brain tumors are delineated and illustrated in examples. A closing section is devoted to the use of MR methods for the monitoring of brain tumor therapy. The book is intended for radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, oncologists and other scientists in the biomedical field with an interest in neuro-oncology.
MRI OF THE NEONATAL BRAIN, 4TH EDITION provides a comprehensive and integrated approach to the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in neonatology. MRI is becoming increasingly available to clinicians and has been shown to have major advantages over ultrasound as an aid to diagnosis. MRI OF THE NEONATAL BRAIN, 4TH EDITION is divided into four major parts. Part I covers the technical aspects, explaining how MRI works and advising on how to achieve the best possible image with minimal sedation of the neonate. Part II illustrates the normal anatomy and development of the neonatal brain. Part III is a short section on the pathological processes underlying brain disorders in the neonate. Part IV, the largest section of the book, discusses the most common disorders seen in the newborn infant, and contains a series of case studies with discussions, questions and answers.
MRI Bioeffects, Safety, and Patient Management is a comprehensive, authoritative textbook on the health and safety concerns of MRI technology that contains contributions from more than forty internationally respected experts in the field. This textbook includes both theoretical and practical information and serves as the definitive resource for radiologists and other physicians, MRI technologists, physicists, scientists, MRI facility managers, and others. The text begins with a discussion of basic MRI physics and then proceeds to a description of the bioeffects of static, gradient, and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as well as the risks associated with acoustic noise. It then discusses the use of MRI during pregnancy, the design of an MRI facility to support safety, the procedures to screen patients and other individuals, and the management of patients with claustrophobia, anxiety, or emotional distress. Other chapters cover the safety of MRI contrast agents, the use of ferromagnetic detection systems, techniques for physiological monitoring, the unique safety needs of interventional MRI centers, and the administration of sedation and anesthesia during MRI. Detailed descriptions covering the proper management of patients with metallic implants and complex electronically activated devices, such as cardiac pacemakers and neuromodulation systems, are included. MRI safety policies and procedures are presented for hospitals/medical centers, outpatient facilities, children's hospitals, and research facilities. Finally, MRI standards and guidelines are provided for the United States, Europe, Canada, and Australia.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new and still rapidly developing imaging technique which requires a new approach to image interpreta tion. Radiologists are compelled to translate their experience accumulat ed from X-ray techniques into the language of MRI, and likewise stu dents of radiology and interested clinicians need special training in both languages. Out of this necessity emerged the concept of this book as a manual on the application and evaluation of proton MRI for the radiolo gist and as a guide for the referring physician who wants to learn about the diagnostic value of MRI in specific conditions. After a short section on the basic principles of MRI, the contrast mechanisms of present-day imaging techniques, knowledge of which is essential for the analysis of relaxation times, are described in greater de tail. This is followed by a demonstration of functional neuroanatomy us ing three-dimensional view of MR images and a synopsis of frequent neurological symptoms and their topographic correlations, which will fa cilitate examination strategy with respect to both accurate diagnosis and economy.
The thoroughly updated Fifth Edition of Pediatric Neuroimaging is a highly illustrated text-reference that describes and illustrates the full range of pediatric disorders diagnosable by modern neuroimaging. Covering the diagnosis of brain, spinal, and head and neck disorders in the pediatric patient, the text is rooted in the principle that the proper interpretation of studies requires the acquisition of high-quality images and an understanding of the basic concepts of neuroembryology, normal development, and pathophysiology. Much coverage is given to the disorders seen in everyday practice. The emphasis is on CT and MRI, which are the optimal imaging modalities in children. The first two chapters describe useful imaging techniques in this patient population and the imaging manifestations of normal development, to distinguish that from manifestations of disease. The final ten chapters of the book are divided by groups of diseases, with numerous drawings and images that illuminate the underlying pathologic and embryologic/genetic bases of each disorder. The goal is provide a basic approach to groups of diseases, then offer detailed information about the clinical manifestations, underlying biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics and/or pathology of specific disorders. The book incorporates the essential concepts for obtaining good images and understanding normal development, which helps the reader to distinguish normal developmental changes from disease