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This report presents a cost analysis of Magnesium Sulfate production from magnesium carbonate and sulfuric acid. In the process, magnesium carbonate is treated with sulfuric acid, producing magnesium sulfate. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Magnesium Sulphate, Magnesium ore, Magnesite, Sulphuric Acid
This report presents a cost analysis of Calcium Sulfate production from gypsum. The process examined is a typical dehydration process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Plaster of Paris, Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate, Calcium Sulphate
This report presents a cost analysis of a typical Aluminum Sulfate production process from bauxite and sulfuric acid. In this process, prepared bauxite ore is subjected to reaction with sulfuric acid, producing Aluminum Sulfate. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Aluminum Sulphate, Alum, Sulphuric Acid
This report presents a cost analysis of Cupric Sulfate production from copper metal and sulfuric acid. In this process, dilute sulfuric acid is sprayed on copper metal in a reactor, producing cupric sulfate. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Copper(II) Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Copper Sulphate, Cupric Sulphate
This report presents a cost analysis of Diethyl Sulfate production from rectified spirit and chlorosulfonic acid. In this process, absolute alcohol and chlorosulfonic acid are charged to a reactor at sub-zero temperatures, producing Diethyl Sulfate. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Diethyl Sulphate, Sulfuric Acid Diethyl Ester
This report presents a cost analysis of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate (ALS) production from chlorosulfonic acid, lauryl alcohol, and ammonium hydroxide. The process examined is a typical sulfonation process. In the process examined, lauryl alcohol reacts with chlorosulfuric acid (sulfonation). The product is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, producing the surfactant. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Ammonium Sodecyl Sulfate, Ammonia Solution, Sulfation, Sulfurylation
This report presents a cost analysis of Caprolactam production from benzene. The process examined involves the following steps: benzene is hydrogenated to cyclohexane; cyclohexane is oxidized to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone; cyclohexanol is dehydrogenated to cyclohexanone; cyclohexanone undergoes an oximation reaction with hydroxilamine; and the oxime produced is rearranged to Caprolactam. Ammonium sulfate is also generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Caprolactam", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition (2) "Cyclohexane", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Cyclohexanone, Cyclohexanol, Lactam Synthesis, Lactam Purification, Ammonium Sulfate Crystallization
Analytical methods used in the Geologic Division laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey for the inorganic chemical analysis of rock and mineral samples.
Magnesium alloys with their unique physical and chemical properties are important candidates for many modern engineering applications. Their density, being the lowest of all structural metals, makes them the primary choice in global attempts aimed at reducing the weight of transportation vehicles. However, magnesium also creates challenges at certain stages of raw alloy melting, fabrication of net-shape components and their service. The first one is caused by very high affinity of magnesium to oxygen, which requires protective atmospheres increasing manufacturing cost and heavily contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. The second challenge relates to very high corrosivity of liquid magnesium towards materials it contacts. This imposes restrictions on the selection of materials used to contain, transfer or process molten magnesium during manufacturing operations. A mixture of unique benefits and serious challenges of magnesium alloys in solid and liquid states described here makes the book very useful for a broad audience of scientists and engineers from academia and industry.
The book presents research papers presented by academicians, researchers, and practicing structural engineers from India and abroad in the recently held Structural Engineering Convention (SEC) 2014 at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi during 22 – 24 December 2014. The book is divided into three volumes and encompasses multidisciplinary areas within structural engineering, such as earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, structural mechanics, finite element methods, structural vibration control, advanced cementitious and composite materials, bridge engineering, and soil-structure interaction. Advances in Structural Engineering is a useful reference material for structural engineering fraternity including undergraduate and postgraduate students, academicians, researchers and practicing engineers.