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The effects of fuel additives and naturally occurring fuel components and impurities on the lubricity of JP-5 were determined. The ball-on-cylinder machine was used as a lubricity tester. Naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds had very little effect on the lubricity of JP-5. Corrosion inhibitors, organic acids and nitrogen containing compounds were found to improve lubricity while sulfur compounds, non-acid oxygen containing compounds and anti-oxidants had little or no effect on lubricity. The compounds that were effective lubricity improvers did so by keeping dissolved oxygen from reaching the metal surface of the ball-on-cylinder machine and reacting there.
A program to evaluate the effects of additives on JP-8 fuel lubricity at high temperatures is described. Operating temperatures to 163 C were examined, with a subsequent program goal of 315 C. Baseline data were obtained using the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE). High-temperature data were obtained with an apparatus known as the Cameron-Plint High Frequency Reciprocating Machine. The most significant effect of variables observed was a consequence of a change in wear specimen material from 52100 steel to M-50 steel--the latter considered to be representative of advanced fuel system designs. Use of M-50 wear coupons resulted in considerably reduced wear levels with only slight separation between neat or additized fuels. M-50 specimen roughness was a major influence in wear level. At finalized test conditions, a dibasic acid ester, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, was found to give the lowest wear values when used as an additive in clay-treated JP-8, although distinctions between the various additized fuels were not large.
A guide to industrially relevant products and processes for transportation fuels The Handbook of Fuels offers a comprehensive review of the wide variety of fuels used to power vehicles, aircraft and ships and examines the processes to produce these fuels. The updated second edition reflects the growing importance of fuels and fuel additives from renewable sources. New chapters include information on current production technology and use of bioethanol, biomethanol and biomass-to-liquid fuels. The book also reviews novel additives and performanace enhancers for conventional engines and fuels for novel bybrid engines. This comprehensive resource contains critical information on the legal, safety, and environmental issues associated with the production and use of fuels as well as reviewing important secondary aspects of the use and production of fuels. This authoritative guide includes contributions from authors who are long-standing contributors to the Ullmann's Encyclopedia, the world's most trusted reference for industrial chemistry. This important guide: Contains an updated edition of the authoritative resource to the production and use of fuels used for transportation Includes information that has been selected to reflect only commercially relevant products and processes Presents contributions from a team of noted experts in the field Offers the most recent developments in fuels and additives from renewable sources Written for professionals in the fields of fossil and renewable fuels, engine design, and transportation, Handbook of Fuels is the comprehensive resource that has been revised to reflect the recent developments in fuels used for transportation.
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
This report consists of a brief history of US military fuels for aircraft turbine jet engines and ramjet engines. The report discusses the requirements of past and current US military jet fuel specifications, when and why the specification requirements originated, and the importance of these requirements today. The purpose and origin of the various specification test methods are presented, and an extensive discussion of jet fuel additives is provided. This report should be of value to anyone involved in research and development, logistics, and use of jet fuels. We hope that it will serve as a handy reference for the jet fuel specialist.
Handbook of Algal Biofuels: Aspects of Cultivation, Conversion and Biorefinery comprehensively covers the cultivation, harvesting, conversion, and utilization of microalgae and seaweeds for different kinds of biofuels. The book addresses four main topics in the algal biofuel value-chain. First, it explores algal diversity and composition, covering micro- and macroalgal diversity, classification, and composition, their cultivation, biotechnological applications, current use within industry for biofuels and value-added products, and their application in CO2 sequestration, wastewater treatment, and water desalination. Next, the book addresses algal biofuel production, presenting detailed guidelines and protocols for different production routes of biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, jet fuel, and thermochemical conversation methods. Then, the authors discuss integrated approaches for enhanced biofuel production. This includes updates on the recent advances, breakthroughs, and challenges of algal biomass utilization as a feedstock for alternative biofuels, process intensification techniques, life cycle analysis, and integrated approaches such as wastewater treatment with CO2 sequestration using cost-effective and eco-friendly techniques. In addition, different routes for waste recycling for enhanced biofuel production are discussed alongside economic analyses. Finally, this book presents case studies for algal biomass and biofuel production including BIQ algae house, Renewable Energy Laboratory project, Aquatic Species Program, and the current status of algal industry for biofuel production. Handbook of Algal Biofuels offers an all-in-one resource for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals working in the areas of biofuels and phycology and will be of interest to engineers working in renewable energy, bioenergy, alternative fuels, biotechnology, and chemical engineering. Furthermore, this book includes structured foundational content on algae and algal biofuels for undergraduate and graduate students working in biology and life sciences. Provides complete coverage of the biofuel production process, from cultivation to biorefinery Includes a detailed discussion of process intensification, lifecycle analysis and biofuel byproducts Describes key aspects of algal diversity and composition, including their cultivation, harvesting and advantages over conventional biomass