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Non-occupant homeowners (NOH) differ from owner occupants in that they tend to have lower-risk credit characteristics, but may also have weaker incentives to maintain mortgage pay. when housing values fall. During the recent housing boom, the share of mortgage borrowing by NOH was relatively high in states where home values rose rapidly. After the housing boom, foreclosures on NOH mortgages in several Midwestern and Northeastern states reflected a high rate of foreclosure per mortgage, not a high vol. of mortgages to NOH. The reverse held true in coastal and mountain states. NV and FL have experienced the greatest impact overall, because they have both a high vol. of mortgages to NOH and a high rate of foreclosure on those mortgages. Illus.
Comprehensive Toxicology, Third Edition, Fifteen Volume Set discusses chemical effects on biological systems, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms by which chemicals induce adverse health effects. Organized by organ system, this comprehensive reference work addresses the toxicological effects of chemicals on the immune system, the hematopoietic system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hepatic toxicology, renal toxicology, gastrointestinal toxicology, reproductive and endocrine toxicology, neuro and behavioral toxicology, developmental toxicology and carcinogenesis, also including critical sections that cover the general principles of toxicology, cellular and molecular toxicology, biotransformation and toxicology testing and evaluation. Each section is examined in state-of-the-art chapters written by domain experts, providing key information to support the investigations of researchers across the medical, veterinary, food, environment and chemical research industries, and national and international regulatory agencies. Thoroughly revised and expanded to 15 volumes that include the latest advances in research, and uniquely organized by organ system for ease of reference and diagnosis, this new edition is an essential reference for researchers of toxicology. Organized to cover both the fundamental principles of toxicology and unique aspects of major organ systems Thoroughly revised to include the latest advances in the toxicological effects of chemicals on the immune system Features additional coverage throughout and a new volume on toxicology of the hematopoietic system Presents in-depth, comprehensive coverage from an international author base of domain experts
Because Delaware corporate law has virtually become national corporate law, its statutes and cutting-edge case law regarding corporations and alternative business entities have attracted practitioners nationwide to look to Delaware as the place of formation for corporations and other business entities. The definitive section-by-section guide to the country's most important corporate law, the Sixth Edition of Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law is the place to turn for accurate, up-to-date, authoritative coverage of the Delaware statute. Its uniquely logical code section organization with penetrating and extensively annotated commentary brings you the best in: Effective strategies and options for specific business decisions and activities under the statute Detailed analysis of each key statutory provision and judicial decision Coverage of all the major cases, many of them unreported and unavailable in any other source Analysis organized by code section, with incisive and extensively annotated commentary Because it is a widely accepted authority in the field, Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law is regularly cited by courts in states other than Delaware. Its section-by-section coverage makes it easy to quickly find the complete law text and analysis, including astute commentary on recent legislation and the most significant cases (including unreported opinions) with special attention to the more complex areas of practical concern.
For many years, the immune and central nervous systems were thought to function independently with little or no interaction between the two. This view has und- gone dramatic changes over the past three decades. Indeed, we now know that there exists various feedback loops between the brain and immune systems that impact signi cantly upon different behavioral processes, including normal behavior and mental disorders. Pioneering efforts in generating this change were initiated by a number of early investigators. Included were those whose efforts were directed at establishing neuroimmune connections as well as others whose research focused upon the relationship between immunity, cytokines, and behavior. This book brings together outstanding scientists and clinicians who have made major contributions to the rapidly developing eld investigating the relationship between immunity and behavior. The book is divided into three parts. The rst part describes pathways by which the brain and immune systems communicate and int- act with each other. In the chapter “Cytokines and the Blood–Brain Barrier” p- vides insight into interactions between the blood–brain barrier and cytokines. Such interactions underlie basic communication between the immune system and brain that are present in normal as well as in disease conditions. In the chapter “Neu- chemical and Endocrine Responses to Immune Activation: The Role of Cytokines,” the neurochemical and endocrine consequences of immune challenge and cytokine administration on central neurotransmitter activity are discussed.
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Cyanobacterial toxins are among the hazardous substances most widely found in water. They occur naturally, but concentrations hazardous to human health are usually due to human activity. Therefore, to protect human health, managing lakes, reservoirs and rivers to prevent cyanobacterial blooms is critical. This second edition of Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water presents the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins as well as their impacts on health through water-related exposure pathways, chiefly drinking-water and recreational activity. It provides scientific and technical background information to support hazard identification, assessment and prioritisation of the risks posed by cyanotoxins, and it outlines approaches for their management at each step of the water-use system. It sets out key practical considerations for developing management strategies, implementing efficient measures and designing monitoring programmes. This enables stakeholders to evaluate whether there is a health risk from toxic cyanobacteria and to mitigate it with appropriate measures. This book is intended for those working on toxic cyanobacteria with a specific focus on public health protection. It intends to empower professionals from different disciplines to communicate and cooperate for sustainable management of toxic cyanobacteria, including public health workers, ecologists, academics, and catchment and waterbody managers. Ingrid Chorus headed the department for Drinking-Water and Swimming-Pool Hygiene at the German Environment Agency. Martin Welker is a limnologist and microbiologist, currently with bioMérieux in Lyon, France.
Escherichia coli isolates produce a range of cell-surface polysaccharides which mediate interactions between the bacteria and their environment. The best-studied glycoconjugates are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS). LPS is a component of the outer membrane in all E. coli strains and it plays a critical role in the barrier properties of the cell envelope and resistance to host factors including cationic antimicrobial peptides and the complement system. LPS is also a biologically active molecule that activates TLR4-mediated signaling leading to endotoxic shock. In contrast, only some strains of E. coli make capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). The capsule plays a major role in evasion of the host immune system and is particularly important for the pathogenesis of uropathogenic and meningitis-associated E. coli. This chapter discusses the biosynthesis of LPS and capsule as well as their contributions to the virulence of pathogenic E. coli.