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By sharing individual Chileans' recollections of the Pinochet regime, historian Steve J. Stern provides an analytic framework for understanding memory struggles in history.
Reckoning with Pinochet is the first comprehensive account of how Chile came to terms with General Augusto Pinochet’s legacy of human rights atrocities. An icon among Latin America’s “dirty war” dictators, Pinochet had ruled with extreme violence while building a loyal social base. Hero to some and criminal to others, the general cast a long shadow over Chile’s future. Steve J. Stern recounts the full history of Chile’s democratic reckoning, from the negotiations in 1989 to chart a post-dictatorship transition; through Pinochet’s arrest in London in 1998; the thirtieth anniversary, in 2003, of the coup that overthrew President Salvador Allende; and Pinochet’s death in 2006. He shows how transnational events and networks shaped Chile’s battles over memory, and how the Chilean case contributed to shifts in the world culture of human rights. Stern’s analysis integrates policymaking by elites, grassroots efforts by human rights victims and activists, and inside accounts of the truth commissions and courts where top-down and bottom-up initiatives met. Interpreting solemn presidential speeches, raucous street protests, interviews, journalism, humor, cinema, and other sources, he describes the slow, imperfect, but surprisingly forceful advance of efforts to revive democratic values through public memory struggles, despite the power still wielded by the military and a conservative social base including the investor class. Over time, resourceful civil-society activists and select state actors won hard-fought, if limited, gains. As a result, Chileans were able to face the unwelcome past more honestly, launch the world’s first truth commission to examine torture, ensnare high-level perpetrators in the web of criminal justice, and build a public culture of human rights. Stern provides an important conceptualization of collective memory in the wake of national trauma in this magisterial work of history.
La memoria espacial es la parte de la memoria encargada del recuerdo de toda la información que tiene que ver con el espacio en el que nos movemos y nuestro lugar dentro del mismo, por lo que resulta una de las funciones clave para poder desenvolvernos en nuestro día a día. Los estudios realizados con modelos animales en diversos paradigmas de aprendizaje, como la piscina de Morris y el laberinto radial, han aportado la mayor parte del conocimiento que tenemos en la actualidad sobre la memoria y la orientación espacial, proporcionando además pruebas irrefutables del papel crítico que desempeña la formación hipocampal en estas habilidades cognitivas. Desafortunadamente, las tareas de orientación espacial en humanos permanecieron poco desarrolladas hasta hace relativamente pocos años. Un acontecimiento clave para el progreso en su estudio fueron los avances en el desarrollo de las técnicas de realidad virtual, las cuales han permitido la creación de entornos virtuales en los que investigar la cognición espacial destacando aquellos entornos que se basan en paradigmas de aprendizaje utilizados en roedores. Estas tareas han demostrado ser sensibles no sólo en la medición de la orientación espacial en humanos, sino también al efecto que ejercen sobre la misma las lesiones o alteraciones hipocampales, incluso las modificaciones hipocampales menores como las existentes entre individuos de distinto sexo. Sin embargo, una de las mayores desventajas de las tareas desarrolladas hasta la fecha es la limitada capacidad de regulación de los niveles de dificultad de la tarea a las capacidades de la muestra de estudio. El trabajo de la presente tesis doctoral se ha orientado al desarrollo y validación de una novedosa tarea de realidad virtual denominada la "Sala de las Cajas", basada en modelos animales que permite regular la dificultad y facilita la comparativa entre especies. A lo largo de los cuatro estudios que componen la presente tesis doctoral se demuestra que la "Sala de las Cajas" constituye una herramienta fiable, fácil de administrar y de rápida adquisición para la investigación del aprendizaje y la memoria espacial en humanos. Los resultados confirman la utilidad de adaptar la dificultad de la tarea a las características de la muestra de estudio. En este sentido, se demuestra que las diferencias entre ciertas poblaciones y condiciones ambientales sólo emergen ante niveles adecuados de dificultad. Además, la tarea permite configurar las características del entorno, demostrando que el número y la localización de las pistas disponibles son importantes atributos a considerar en la investigación de la navegación espacial humana. La validez de la tarea se ha visto confirmada primero por la correlación positiva de la "Sala de las Cajas" con la adaptación virtual de la piscina de Morris, uno de los paradigmas más empleados para el estudio de la memoria espacial y la navegación en humanos y roedores; segundo, al demostrar, en un estudio realizado con pacientes con lesiones del lóbulo temporal, que el hipocampo es esencial para la correcta ejecución de la tarea en línea con otros estudios en animales y humanos y, por último, al revelar también nuestra tarea el dimorfismo sexual ampliamente constatado en memoria espacial.
Sometimes, memories are like feathers that can fly into our cerebral labyrinths, taking a ship for sail, crossing neural networks like the flow of ethereal butterflies. In other situations, our remembrances are settled down like deep roots of strong trees.This book introduces also an experimental protocol, about conceptual neurons and how these nerve cells can identify emotional insights when they discriminate an iconic sample (a famous human image, well spread all over the world).Finally, analyzing the Working Memory Paradigm, this text describes new neuronal networks participating in neuronal processing like mental representations in predictive tasks associated to prefrontal cortex.
Este volumen forma parte de la serie de libros Memorias de la Represión que pone a disposición del público los resultados de un programa desarrollado por el Panel Regional de América Latina (RAP) del Social Science Research Council, con el propósito de promover la investigación y la formación de investigadores sobre las memorias de la represión política en el Cono Sur. Bajo la dirección de Elizabeth Jelin y Carlos Iván Degregori, y con fondos proporcionados por las fundaciones Ford, Rockefeller y Hewlett, el programa apoyó a cerca de 60 investigadores jóvenes de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y los Estados Unidos. El programa fue diseñado para encarar tres cuestiones diferentes, aunque relacionadas entre sí. La primera es la necesidad de generar avances teóricos y de investigación que contribuyan a enriquecer los debates sobre la naturaleza de las memorias en la región, sobre su rol en la constitución de identidades colectivas y sobre las consecuencias de las luchas por la memoria sobre las prácticas sociales y políticas en sociedades en transición. La segunda cuestión u objetivo es promover el desarrollo de una nueva generación de investigadores con una formación teórica y metodológica sólidas, preparados para articular perspectivas novedosas sobre los procesos sociales de memoria, pero preparados también para abordar la gran variedad de temas candentes que surgirán en el Cono Sur y en Latinoamérica en el futuro. Finalmente, el programa apuntaba a la creación de una red de intelectuales públicos de la región preocupados por el estudio de la memoria societal y temas relacionados con ella. Esta colección de libros pretende contribuir al avance del conocimiento académico, pero también a estimular debates y discusiones en un ámbito más amplio: entre estudiantes y docentes, entre activistas y ciudadanos, de cada uno de los países involucrados, pero también en un debate comparativo y transnacional.
For roughly two decades after the collapse of the military regime in 1983, testimonial narrative was viewed and received as a privileged genre in Argentina. Today, however, academics and public intellectuals are experiencing "memory fatigue," a backlash against the concepts of memory and trauma, just as memory and testimonial films have reached the center of Argentinian public discourse. In Rethinking Testimonial Cinema in Postdictatorship Argentina, Verónica Garibotto looks at the causes for this reticence and argues that, rather than discarding memory texts for their repetitive excess, it is necessary to acknowledge them and their exhaustion as discourses of the present. By critically examining how trauma theory and subaltern studies have previously been applied to testimonial cinema, Garibotto rereads Argentinian films produced since 1983 and calls for an alternate interpretive framework at the intersection of semiotics, theories of affect, scholarship on hegemony, and the ideological uses of documentary and fiction. She argues that recurrent concepts—such as trauma, mourning, memory, and subalternity—miss how testimonial films have changed over time, shifting from subaltern narratives to official, hegemonic, and iconic accounts. Her work highlights the urgent need to continue to study these types of narratives, particularly at a time when military dictatorships have become entrenched in Latin America and memory narratives proliferate worldwide. Although Argentina is Garibotto's focus, her theory can be adapted to other contexts in which narratives about recent political conflicts have shifted from alternative versions of history to official, hegemonic accounts—such as in Spanish, Chilean, Uruguayan, Brazilian, South African, and Holocaust testimonies. Garibotto's study of testimonial cinema moves us to pursue a broader ideological analysis of the links between film and historical representation.
By repositioning democratic education not as something that can be achieved by following a certain, proven process, but as an inherently paradoxical enterprise in its dealings with the tension between schooling as the intentional production of citizens and the uncertainties of democracy, an alternative way of reading the curriculum emerges. This book aims not at arriving at the right combination of theory, policy and praxis that will provide the democratic utopia, but at historicizing the discourses that have shaped the ways in which we think and act in the field of education.
This book reflects on the role of Argentinean cinema in the construction of social memory. It observes the melancholic scene of Argentina’s first decade post-dictatorship as a context without the necessary social understanding to frame the traumatic experiences of the 1976-1983 military repression. Hence, it interprets such conditions as facilitating processes of intersubjective forgetting, fostered by sociopolitical institutions organizing the discourse of truth within a neoliberal re-democratization endeavor. The book proposes that the non-hegemonic cinema of 1985-1996 operated as a symbolic mediation with which a post-dictatorial, poetic, negotiated truth emerged within the historical process of collective memorialization of social trauma. The book draws from research on Latin American cinema and popular culture, subaltern studies, memory and trauma studies, and the notion of cultural hegemony.
By combining chronological coverage, analytical breadth, and interdisciplinary approaches, these two volumes—Histories of Solitude and Histories of Perplexity—study the histories of Colombia over the past two centuries as illustrations of the histories of democracy across the Americas. The volumes bring together over 40 scholars based in Colombia, the United States, England, and Canada working in various disciplines to discuss how a country that has been consistently presented as a rarity in Latin America provides critical examples to re-examine major historical problems: republicanism and liberalism; export economies and agrarian modernization; populism and cultural politics of state formation; revolutionary and counterinsurgent Cold War violence; neoliberal reforms and urban development; popular mobilization and counterhegemonic public spheres; political ecologies and environmental struggles; and labors of memory and the challenge of reconciliation. Contributors are sensitive to questions of subjectivity and discourse, observant of ethnographic details and micro-politics, and attuned to macro-perspectives such as transnational and global histories. These volumes offer fresh perspectives on Colombia and will be of great value to those interested in Latin American and Caribbean history.
Though the civil-rights abuses by the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile (1973-1990) were later recognized by reparations and truth commissions, the difficult emotions suffered by the victims and their families were often pushed into the background or out of the national conversation entirely. In response, novelists began writing memory of feelings experienced during the dictatorship into their books. In The Chilean Dictatorship Novel, Weldt-Basson examines fifteen novels and one testimony written on the topic of dictatorship to illustrate how these Chilean narratives center on affect and emotions. Each chapter focuses on a different emotion: feelings of loss because of father abandonment and spatial injustice caused by the neoliberal urbanization of Santiago; despair articulated through tragic romances and affective landscapes; left-wing nostalgia and melancholia communicated through allegory; feelings of abjection caused by torture and betrayal; and the creation of affect through violent events, aggressive child play, and sexual torture. Through a close look at the work of José Donoso, Ariel Dorfman, Diamela Eltit, Carlos Franz, and Nona Fernández, among others, Weldt-Basson effectively argues that by inspiring emotion and creating empathy within readers, the authors of these books instill a drive in the readers for ongoing social-justice advocacy, thereby transforming the process of reading into a platform for future action. Weldt-Basson's landmark study will serve as a basis for the future study of Latin American literature for decades to come.