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Una ciencia para el mundo global y complejo en el que vivimos requiere cambios y ajustes a los principios epistémicos, ontológicos y éticos en que se ha basado hasta ahora el programa de la ciencia contemporánea. Esto significa un auténtico cambio de paradigma científico, porque se trata de transitar "de los relojes a las nubes", como lo ha planteado en una imagen afortunada María Novo y Karl R. Popper: de un mundo ordenado, que funciona como mecanismo de relojería, según el programa de la ciencia clásica newtoniana que ha prevalecido hasta nuestros días, a otro donde reina el azar, la incertidumbre y la sorpresa. Con el tiempo, dice Ignacio Ayestarán, al analizar las propuestas de las vanguardias de la creación científica, "la caracterización de estos sistemas complejos se ha extendido como si las nubes de la complejidad se hubieran cernido sobre los viejos relojes académicos". Una nueva generación de científicos surgidos de las ciencias duras y de las ciencias blandas —físicos, ecólogos, analistas de sistemas, informáticos, cognitivistas, economistas, antropólogos y sociólogos— se han dado a la tarea de crear nuevos modos de hacer ciencia: ejercicios transdisciplinarios que anuncian y prefiguran la que será, sin duda, la ciencia del futuro. Se trata de una ciencia participativa que abre los espacios para la incorporación de los distintos saberes de las sociedades donde se generan, en la tarea común de afrontar los grandes problemas ambientales y sociales del sistema Tierra.
National information needs on forests have grown considerably in recent years, evolving from forest area and growing stock information to key aspects of sustainable forest management, such as the role of forests in the conservation of biodiversity and the provision of other ecosystem services. More recently, information on changes in carbon stocks, socio-economic aspects including the contribution to livelihoods and poverty reduction, governance and broader land use issues has become critical for national planning.
Dennis Dalton's classic account of Gandhi's political and intellectual development focuses on the leader's two signal triumphs: the civil disobedience movement (or salt satyagraha) of 1930 and the Calcutta fast of 1947. Dalton clearly demonstrates how Gandhi's lifelong career in national politics gave him the opportunity to develop and refine his ideals. He then concludes with a comparison of Gandhi's methods and the strategies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, drawing a fascinating juxtaposition that enriches the biography of all three figures and asserts Gandhi's relevance to the study of race and political leadership in America. Dalton situates Gandhi within the "clash of civilizations" debate, identifying the implications of his work on continuing nonviolent protests. He also extensively reviews Gandhian studies and adds a detailed chronology of events in Gandhi's life.
The North American Mosaic has four overarching features. First, it is, to the extent feasible, based on comparable information on the status and trends of major indicators of the state of the environment in Canada,Mexico, and the United States. Second, the report confirms that these three countries together make up an incredibly complex, dynamic, and interconnected ecosystem in which humans play a dominant and decisive role. Third, the report raises important and sometimes disquieting questions concerning the sustainability of some current trends. Finally, the report is a reminder that our economic, social, and physical well-being are utterly dependent on the life-sustaining services provided by nature. This report emphasizes the importance of developing mutually compatible economic, social, and environmental goals and policies across the three-country region.
One of the biggest threats to the survival of many plant and animal species is the destruction or fragmentation of their natural habitats. The conservation of landscape connections, where animals, plants, and ecological processes can move freely from one habitat to another, is therefore an essential part of any new conservation or environmental protection plan. In practice, however, maintaining, creating, and protecting connectivity in our increasingly dissected world is a daunting challenge. This fascinating volume provides a synthesis on the current status and literature of connectivity conservation research and implementation. It shows the challenges involved in applying existing knowledge to real-world examples and highlights areas in need of further study. Containing contributions from leading scientists and practitioners, this topical and thought-provoking volume will be essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners working in conservation biology and natural resource management.
With climate change now a certainty, the question is how much change there will be and what can be done about it. One of the answers is through adaptation. Many of the lessons that are being learned in adaptation are from success stories from the field. This publication contains eleven case studies covering different ecosystems and regions around the world. Its aim is to summarize some current applications of the Ecosystem-Based Adaptation concept and its tools used around the world, and also draw lessons from experiences in conservation adaptation.