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En los últimos tiempos, el fenómeno de la inmigración económica se ha convertido ya una realidad estructural, no puramente coyuntural o circunstancial. Entre los principales motivos que mueven a las personas a migrar se encuentran las crecientes desigualdades económicas entre los diferentes países o la búsqueda de seguridad como vía de escape a entornos en conflicto. Este último factor está propiciando, en la actualidad, el inicio de una nueva era, reflejo de un mundo antiguo, en el que se levantan nuevas fronteras allí donde ya fueron derribadas. En este contexto, se defiende un modelo de Estado de derecho, en particular, el llamado neoconstitucionalismo, como modelo que está en posición de garantizar la satisfacción de todos los derechos fundamentales de la persona al más alto nivel, condicionando para ello y en diferente medida a la legislación y a la jurisprudencia. El análisis pretende mostrar que el neoconstitucionalismo es un proceso dinámico que se completa a cada paso y cuyo final aún está por decidir. Desde esta perceptiva se analiza el papel que desempeñan los derechos fundamentales en el ámbito internacional, regional y nacional. En un momento posterior se examina el desarrollo legislativo en el ámbito de extranjería para verificar si las distinciones establecidas en su disfrute en atención a sus titulares son acordes a las Declaraciones y tratados internacionales en la materia y a lo establecido en el texto constitucional. En particular, se analiza la titularidad de los derechos al trabajo, a la libertad sindical y huelga, a la protección de la salud y a la educación, derechos que constituyen el núcleo más afectado por los avances y retrocesos del desarrollo legislativo en el ámbito de extranjería. En el proceso se mostrara las diferentes modificaciones de que ha sido objeto la Ley de extranjería, la constante interposición de recursos de inconstitucionalidad y la relevante labor interpretativa del Tribunal Constitucional en la determinación del reconocimiento y alcance de los derechos fundamentales de los extranjeros.
This volume is an updated and revised version of the General Course on Public International Law delivered by the Author at The Hague Academy of International Law in 2005. Professor Cançado Trindade, Doctor honoris causa of seven Latin American Universities in distinct countries, was for many years Judge of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and President of that Court for half a decade (1999-2004). He is currently Judge of the International Court of Justice; he is also Member of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law, as well as of the Institut de Droit International, and of the Brazilian Academy of Juridical Letters.
The German Ministry of Defense decided in 2000 to commission a study comparing various European systems of military law. The present book contains not only the original study but also all national reports in English. It provides a comparative analysis of different European military law systems on the basis of national reports.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Since the French and Dutch voters rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, in May and June 2005 respectively, politicians and lawyers have been confronted with the question of how to move forward. This book strives to formulate answers on the question of what to do if not all the Member States ratify the Treaty. It brings together contributions from over 50 experts from the 25 Member States, from candidate, potential candidate and neighbouring countries, as well as from Russia and the US. Key topics covered are: the process and impact of EU constitution-making; the democratic life of the EU; improving the efficiency and quality of legislation in the EU; the expansion of executive, judicial and legislative powers; and access to justice.
Latin America has historically been a fertile ground where utopian projects, movements, and experiments could take root and thrive. Each of the thirteen authors in this collective volume address a particular case or specific aspect of Latin American utopianism from colonial times to the present day. The America that the Spanish and Portuguese discovered became, from the sixteenth century onwards, a space in which it was possible to imagine the widest variety of forms of human coexistence. Utopias in Latin America reconsiders the sense and understanding of utopias in various historical frames: the discovery of indigenous cultures and their natural environments; the foundation of new towns and cities in a vast colonial territory; the experimental communities of nineteenth-century utopian socialists and European exiled intellectuals; and the innovative formulae that attempts to get beyond twentieth-century capitalism.
Slavery helped finance the Industrial Revolution in England. Plantation owners, shipbuilders, and merchants connected with the slave trade accumulated vast fortunes that established banks and heavy industry in Europe and expanded the reach of capitalism worldwide. Eric Williams advanced these powerful ideas in Capitalism and Slavery, published in 1944. Years ahead of its time, his profound critique became the foundation for studies of imperialism and economic development. Binding an economic view of history with strong moral argument, Williams's study of the role of slavery in financing the Industrial Revolution refuted traditional ideas of economic and moral progress and firmly established the centrality of the African slave trade in European economic development. He also showed that mature industrial capitalism in turn helped destroy the slave system. Establishing the exploitation of commercial capitalism and its link to racial attitudes, Williams employed a historicist vision that set the tone for future studies. In a new introduction, Colin Palmer assesses the lasting impact of Williams's groundbreaking work and analyzes the heated scholarly debates it generated when it first appeared.