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Just how International and European Community Law is being integrated into domestic legal systems is as yet not too well known. To gain a clear overview of this grey area requires more than knowing about the various constitutional rules. What is also needed is a study of little-known administrative practices and the attitudes of the national courts, where case-law is often as complex as it is diverse. When all these elements are taken into account, the general picture that emerges is a much more subtle one, transcending the classical positions based on the theories of monism and dualism. To grasp this reality and go beyond preconceived ideas, it seemed indispensable to make a thorough analysis of national practices. To this end, the International Law Centre of the University of Paris XIII (Cedin Paris XIII) took the initiative, in 1990, of setting up a network of European international lawyers to work on the theme International norms and legal barriers'. This book presents the outcome of the network's programme. The research was organized on the basis of a single questionnaire which provided the outline of a common workplan, to which each of the contributors has adhered. Detailed comparisons of national practices can now be made, relating in particular to international treaties, acts of international organisations and of the European Communities, and to unwritten international law. This is the first time that such a comprehensive and detailed survey has been made of all thirteen countries. Reading the national reports one after the other provides complete information on domestic practices; reading them crosswise gives a direct comparison between the different countries on specificissues.
L'institutionnalisation et l'organisation d'un ordre juridique sur un mode représentatif impliquent un processus de différenciation fonctionnelle entre représentés et représentants permettant la réduction de la multiplicité à l'unité. La personne morale apparaît comme le terme réunificateur de tout système representative. Dans l'ordre international, ce processus est perturbé par la présence, dans les organs intergouvernementaux, de représentants d'Etat qui sont autant d'organes des Etats membres, présence prolongée par le consentement aux actes adoptés en leur sein. Quel en est donc le sujet d'imputation : l'organisation ou ses membres ? Une théorie de l'acte doit être développée au coeur de la théorie de l'organe pour démontrer que l'organisation internationale est la personnification juridique d'une collectivité d'Etats dotée d'un système représentatif, et n'est que cela. La qualité de partie à un traité constitutif et de membre d'une organisation internationale ne prive l'Etat d'aucun des attributs de la souveraineté dans l'ordre international. Au contraire, la faculté d'investir un sujet de droit de compétences nouvelles est précisément un attribut de la souveraineté : l'organisation est tout entière une création des Etats membres. Leur souveraineté n'inhibe pas le processus de personnification de l'organisation qui, en retour, ne la confisque pas : la souveraineté et la relativité des rapports juridiques demeurent les principes régulateurs de l'ordre international.
The Academy is a prestigious international institution for the study and teaching of Public and Private International Law and related subjects. The work of the Hague Academy receives the support and recognition of the UN. Its purpose is to encourage a thorough and impartial examination of the problems arising from international relations in the field of law. The courses deal with the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject, including legislation and case law. All courses at the Academy are, in principle, published in the language in which they were delivered in the "Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law .
"This book is the English version of my 'De communautaire rechtsorde' ... which was published by Kluwer, Deventer (the Netherlands) in 2000 ... Where necessary I have updated the text by taking account of developments until the beginning of 2003."--Foreword.
Le droit de la famille, dans sa dimension civiliste, fortement ancré dans les cultures nationales des États membres, est une matière qui ne relève pas, en principe, du droit de l’Union européenne. Pourtant, il n’est plus possible d’affirmer que la matière échappe dans son entier au droit de l’Union. De nombreux aspects de la famille sont sous influence européenne, au point que l’on voit se dessiner les contours d’une « famille européenne ». L’ouvrage propose de mettre en lumière l’acquis européen en matière de droit de la famille, au prisme du droit matériel (citoyenneté européenne, politique sociale de l’Union, fonction publique européenne...), comme du droit international privé. Le droit de la famille de l’Union s’identifie alors comme un «droit spécial» complétant la diversité des droits nationaux de la famille. Sa signification théorique et politique dans l’Union est débattue par les auteurs, autant que son devenir. Loin de demeurer fragmentaire à côté des droits nationaux des États membres, il a probablement vocation à se densifier pour offrir aux citoyens et résidents européens un droit commun de la famille au sein de l’Union. Family law, with its civil law tradition, and strong roots in the national cultures of the Member States, does not normally fall within the scope of European law. However, it is no longer possible to argue that family law is outside European law entirely. There are many aspects of the family which are subject to European influence, to the point that the outlines of a «European family» are starting to emerge. This book is intended to highlight the European experience of family law and its substantive (i.e. European citizenship, EU social policy, EU civil service...) and private international law aspects. Union law therefore contains a form of «special» family law which is shared between the Member States and supplements their national family laws. Its theoretical and political importance in the Union, as well as its future, are discussed by the authors. Far from remaining fragmented alongside the national laws of Member States, it will likely develop to offer European citizens and residents a common family law within the EU.
The potency of the law in fostering the process of gradual European integration is easily discernable and widely acknowledged. It is largely and conspicuously revealed by the litigation before the courts of, both, the European Union and its Member States. The concern faithfully to give the European treaty the authentic meaning and scope as intended by its authors permeates the European courts’ judgments, and the constant theme of the entitlement of those vested with rights conferred by the law of the European Union to effective judicial protection is omnipresent in their decisions. The law of European integration has been uncharted territory. The novelty of various issues which have arisen and on which the courts have had to pronounce springs from the originality of the integration venture and is commensurate with its uniqueness, distinctive nature and specific exigencies. The writings here assembled allow to trace the starting point since the inceptive formative years of the growth of a legal doctrine and an evolving jurisprudential edifice in several areas, to appraise their direction and constancy and to assay adjustments and adaptations.
The Academy is an institution for the study & teaching of public & private international law & related subjects. Its purpose is to encourage a thorough & impartial examination of the problems arising from international relations in the field of law. The courses deal with the theoretical & practical aspects of the subject, including legislation & case law. All courses at the Academy are, in principle, published in the language in which they were delivered in the Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law. This volume contains: Reform, but not Revolution. General Course on Private International Law, by Peter M. NORTH Questions de droit international prive et dommages catastrophiques, par Tito BALLARINO.
The Academy is a prestigious international institution for the study and teaching of Public and Private International Law and related subjects. The work of the Hague Academy receives the support and recognition of the UN. Its purpose is to encourage a thorough and impartial examination of the problems arising from international relations in the field of law. The courses deal with the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject, including legislation and case law. All courses at the Academy are, in principle, published in the language in which they were delivered in the "Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law .