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There can be little doubt that Systems, Risks, Changes, the Internet, Information Technology in general, is and will be increasingly important in the years ahead. This book has been designed for the business person, for the student and the systems professional who needs an overview regarding the logical analysis in Information Technology and the systems involved. The book explores the fundamental aspects of operational computing, the development of new information systems, and the structured methodologies used. Systems Analysis is discussed according to their structure and the book focuses on further developments in information technology and their planning. In writing the book, the author is mostly concerned with the logical analysis and the managing of systems and people, the risks involved and the changes required in multi-national corporations, software houses, government departments, the European Union, and academia.
Philosophy and Politics have many different areas, classified according to the subject-matter of the problems being addressed. Thus, this volume includes eight books on: Epistemology, British Philosophers (Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Burke, Bentham, and Mill), about Machiavelli, Hegel, Rousseau, Marxism, Plato, and Aristotle. This tome of the eight books attempts to describe the use of reason and argument in the search for truth and the nature of reality, especially of the causes and nature of things and of the principles governing existence, perception, human behaviour, political systems, and the material universe. The contents of this title explain the philosophical activities, directed at understanding and clarifying the concepts, methods, and doctrines of other disciplines, or at reasoning itself and the concepts, methods, and doctrines of such general notions as truth, possibility, knowledge (epistemology), necessity, existence (ontology and metaphysics), and proof.
Management is the science used for the application of quantitative techniques to business decision-making. Business Management covers the whole range of decision-making by management, for example, information technology, operations research, production management, marketing, personnel management, and cost accounting. Management methods operate by forming a quantitative representation of a business problem that is by putting a numerical value on the factors involved. This modelling process enables the major elements of the decision to be identified and considered in relation to the whole problem. Alternative solutions can be put forward, evaluated and an optimum solution found. There is always a need to balance the quantitative approach with behavioural considerations, keeping in mind that business decisions involve people. Whilst experience can be used to suggest how people might react in the future, conditions change and consequently people's future reactions are not always predictable.
Although the development of the computer has been largely played out during the 20th century, there is a long history of automatic calculation. Among the earliest electronic computers were the Colossus series of special-purpose computers, developed secretly in the UK from 1943. A new era for reliable software started by using small layers of software above the hardware and by developing the microcode it enabled the computer to execute a larger set of instructions, which allow reading from and writing to files, input/output devices. This is provided by the compiler or interpreter, which permits a programmer to write programs in a problem-orientated computer language. Such a development of software engineering made the design and implementation a less error-prone process. The major challenges for the future of computing and the programs include the development of even higher level computer languages for the in-depth Internaut surfacing, and artificial intelligence thus being closer to human behaviour.
The application of technology and its integrations includes the scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to the change and manipulation of the human environment. Circa 3000 years BC many new technologies were developed; irrigation systems, road networks and wheeled vehicles, a pictographic form of writing and new building techniques. The new ideas and techniques engendered official persecution, but by the mid-17th century the tide of opinion had changed. By the late 17th century, technology essentially meant engineering. During the 19th century science began to create new technologies. This continued into the 20th century with the introduction of computing, Internet, Artificial Intelligence and other services made possible only because of further advances in science. In recent years Western aid has sought to develop appropriate technologies, using local materials and techniques, in partnership with the indigenous peoples.
International law, sometimes called the law of nations, has evolved over the last 400 years. The three major sources of international law according to Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice are: international conventions or treaties; international customs; and the general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations. The Permanent Court of Arbitration was established by the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, and the Permanent Court of International Justice was set up in 1921 and succeeded in 1946 by the International Court of Justice. Since World War II international organizations such as the UN and its related bodies have contributed to the expansion and increased scope of international law to include political and strategic affairs, economic, social, communications, and environmental matters. By the 1990s international law had shown its durability and flexibility by expanding to cover new areas of world relations, and its efficacy through the machinery of the UN.
This book includes simple definitions of philosophical concepts of great thinkers from around the world. Currently, the latest views of politics and the philosophical aspects of these are not helping any peaceful solutions; with the world powers striving for attention to their megalomaniac ambitions. The remarks that walls must be built to keep immigrants out, trade embargos and leaders of being weak are all negative. 'Fools build walls, wise men build bridges' makes sense and ought to encourage people to read more about political philosophy. This isolationistic attitude can be clearly defined by the psychotherapeutic branch of philosophy. In old age people regress to the earliest stages of their development. Thus Presidents, Prime Ministers and Leaders of Governments bear the same syndromes of regressive behaviour. In feeling omni-powerful the bigger nations take advantage of disagreements and conflicts; when they consider it appropriate to invade and cause havoc among the minorities.
The UN was designed to ensure international peace and security and its founders realized that these could not be achieved without attention to issues of rights: political, legal, economic, social, environmental, and individual. Its structure reflects the power relationships of the post-1945 world, despite the fact that the world has changed dramatically with respect to the post-Cold War relationship and the dramatic increase in the number of independent states. The UN is a reflection of the realities of international politics. Its economic divisions are revealed in the voting arrangements of the Security Council, the General Assembly and the viewpoints within the Secretariat. The norm of national sovereignty runs into persistent conflict with the constant demand by many in the international community; that the UN take a more active role in combating aggression and alleviating international problems. Thus, it is likely that the UN will continue to be seen by its critics as either too timid or too omnipotent.
The 436 pages of six books (integrated into one tome) include Information Technology, Management, Artificial Intelligence, Internet, Expert Systems, Systems Analysis, Computing, Risk Management, and Change Management. In writing this volume, the author took into consideration the advance of today's information technology and computing in general, the principles of work and leisure alike, factory and business operations, networking, defence, medicine, education and the domestic environment. Also, the social concerns that computers and their systems influence our attitudes to privacy, and employment. Although the world of computing became smaller with new ultra-small computing systems, equipped with wireless networking systems worldwide, the reader can appreciate that the construction of such systems is as complex as a house built in a swamp. It does, therefore, require careful planning and design. Just as a house must have an architect's plan, so does a system.