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The interplay of magnetism and electronic correlations dominates the physical properties of many rare-earth elements and their compounds. The investigation of the mutual influence of the localized 4f electrons and itinerant band electrons represents a challenging task in theoretical as well as experimental physics. Research areas of current interest are the electronic structure as determined from calculations and spectroscopies, the magnetic properties in three- and low-dimensional systems, open questions concerning transport such as spin disorder resistivity, and the influence of structure and morphology.
Presents papers by theoretical physicist J. Robert Schrieffer on topics in superconductivity and condensed matter physics.
This book presents a OC snapshotOCO of the most recent and significant advances in the field of cluster physics. It is a comprehensive review based on contributions by the participants of the 2nd International Symposium on Atomic Cluster Collisions (ISACC 2007) held in July 19OCo23, 2007 at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany. The purpose of the Symposium is to promote the growth and exhange of scientific information on the structure and properties of nuclear, atomic, molecular, biological and complex cluster systems studied by means of photonic, electronic, heavy particle and atomic collisions. Particular attention is devoted to dynamic phenomena, many-body effects taking place in cluster systems of a different nature OCo these include problems of fusion and fission, fragmentation, collective electron excitations, phase transitions, etc. Both the experimental and theoretical aspects of cluster physics, uniquely placed between nuclear physics on the one hand and atomic, molecular and solid state physics on the other, are discussed.
The first edition of this work appeared almost thirty years ago, when, as we can see in retrospect, the study of the actinide elements was in its first bloom. Although the broad features of the chemistry of the actinide elements were by then quite well delineated, the treatment of the subject in the first edition was of necessity largely descriptive in nature. A detailed understanding of the chemical consequences of the characteristic presence of Sf electrons in most of the members of the actinide series was still for the future, and many of the systematic features of the actinide elements were only dimly apprehended. In the past thirty years all this has changed. The application of new spectroscopic techniques, which came into general use during this period, and new theoretical insights, which came from a better understanding of chemical bonding, inorganic chemistry, and solid state phenomena, were among the important factors that led to a great expansion and maturation in actinide element research and a large number of new and important findings. The first edition consisted of a serial description of the individual actinide elements, with a single chapter devoted to the six heaviest elements (lawrencium, the heaviest actinide, was yet to be discovered). Less than 15 % of the text was devoted to a consideration of the systematics of the actinide elements.
Advanced magnetic nanostructures is an emerging field in magnetism and nanotechnology, but the literature consists of a rich variety of original papers and parts of reviews and books whose scope is comparatively broad. This calls for a book with specific emphasis on state-of-the-art synthetic methods for fabricating, characterizing and theoretically modeling new magnetic nanostructures. This book is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the present state of the field. Leading researchers world-wide have contributed a survey of their special ties to guide the reader through the exploding literature in nanomagnetic structures. The focus is on deliberately structured nanomagnets. It includes cluster assembled, self-organized and patterned thin films but excludes, for example, multilayered thin films. We target both industrial and academic researchers in magnetism and related areas, such as nanotechnology, materials science, and theoretical solid-state physics.
This book provides the foundations of understanding the physical nature of iron and its alloys. Basics and recent developments concerning its constitution and magnetism are presented as well as its thermal properties.
Ferromagnetism of metallic systems, especially those including transition metals, has been a controversial subject of modern science for a long time. This controversy sterns from the apparent dual character of the d-electrons responsible for magnetism in transition metals, i.e., they are itinerant elec trons described by band theory in their ground state, while at finite tem peratures they show various properties that have long been attributed to a system consisting of local magnetic moments. The most familiar example of these properties is the Curie-Weiss law of magnetic susceptibility obeyed by almost all ferromagnets above their Curie temperatures. At first the problem seemed to be centered around whether the d-elec trons themselves are localized or itinerant. This question was settled in the 1950s and early 1960s by various experimental investigations, in particular by observations of d-electron Fermi surfaces in ferromagnetic transition metals. These observations are generally consistent with the results of band calculations. Theoretical investigations since then have concentrated on explaining this dual character of d-electron systems, taking account of the effects of electron-electron correlations in the itinerant electron model. The problem in physical terms is to study the spin density fluctuati·ons, which are ne glected in the mean-field or one-electron theory, and their influence on the physical properties.
This book describes theoretical aspects of the metallic magnetism from metals to disordered alloys to amorphous alloys both at the ground state and at finite temperatures. The book gives an introduction to the metallic magnetism, and treats effects of electron correlations on magnetism, spin fluctuations in metallic magnetism, formation of complex magnetic structures, a variety of magnetism due to configurational disorder in alloys as well as a new magnetism caused by the structural disorder in amorphous alloys, especially the itinerant-electron spin glasses. The readers will find that all these topics can be understood systematically by means of the spin-fluctuation theories based on the functional integral method.
Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are finding their place in many modern technologies such as electronics (memory or spintronic devices) and medicine (contrast media, electromagnetic thermal therapy) to name just a few examples. The application of modern techniques based on synchrotron radiation, in particular X-ray spectroscopies, as well as an rf transverse susceptibility probe, built ad hoc, allowed the author to investigate several classes of magnetic NPs with diverse applications. For example, the interesting anisotropic properties of CoW and CoPt NPs revealed new magnetic behaviour and phases. Gold NPs prepared on a biological template from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius S-layer, were shown to possess intrinsic magnetism caused by the electron exchange with the sulfur atoms of the template. Silica and oleic acid coated magnetite NPs showed excellent human compatibility while preserving the bulk magnetic figures of merit. Both macroscopic and microscopic properties of all these NPs, hitherto unexplained, have been revealed for the first time.
The book you are now holding represents the final step in a long process for the editors and organizers of the Advanced Study Institute on hard magnetic materials. The editors interest in hard magnetic materials began in 1985 with an attempt to better understand the moments associated with the different iron sites in Nd Fe B. These 14 moments can be obtained from neutron diffraction studies, but we qUickly realized that iron-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy should lead to a better determination of these moments. However, it was also realized that the complex Mossbauer spectra obtained for these hard magnetic materials could not be easily understood without a broad knowledge of their various structural, electronic, and magnetic properties. Hence it seemed useful to the editors to bring together scientists and engineers to discuss, in a tutorial setting, the various properties of these and future hard magnetic materials. We believe the inclusion of engineers as well as scientists in these discussions was essential because the design of new magnetic materials depends very much upon the mode in which they are used in practical devices.